TERRA logo

a platform for rare-earth element recovery from red mud

Hidden Heroes of Technology: Rare Earth Elements (REEs)

Importance in Industry

Rare earths power solar panels, electrical vehicles, wind turbines, smartphones, medical devices and more, enabling the technologies we rely on every day.

Rare earth elements displayed on a periodic table

Recycling Lags Far Behind

Only about 1 % of REEs are recycled; the remaining supply comes from mining with ethical, geopolitical, and economic consequences. Current recycling approaches remain inefficient and costly.

Illustration of rare earth recycling challenges

Sustainable alternatives are urgently needed.

Attention, Red Mud!

What Aluminium Leaves Behind

Red mud is the alkaline residue from refining bauxite into alumina. Around 180 million tonnes are produced every year, with billions already stockpiled in vast containment ponds.

Environmental Hazard

Its high alkalinity and trace metals threaten surrounding ecosystems and communities. Storage areas require constant monitoring to prevent leaks and failures.

Finding Value in Waste

Alongside iron and alumina, red mud contains rare earth elements—enough to justify recovery as a secondary resource when efficient technologies are deployed.

Natural-colour satellite view of the Devecser toxic sludge spill by Jesse Allen, NASA Earth Observatory
NASA Earth Observatory Natural-colour satellite view of the 2010 Devecser toxic sludge spill in Hungary.
Aerial photo of the Ajka red sludge accident, Hungarian Ministry of Public Administration and Justice
Hungarian Government Communication Aerial photo of the Ajka red sludge accident near Devecser, Hungary.
Ground-level view of the Devecser red sludge disaster, Hungarian Ministry communication photo
Hungarian Government Communication Ground-level view of damaged areas after the Devecser red sludge disaster.
Red mud dump near Stade, Germany, aerial photograph by Ra Boe
Ra Boe / Wikimedia Commons Red mud dump close to Stade, Germany (CC BY-SA 3.0).

Red mud is both a persistent environmental hazard and a reservoir of valuable elements. Addressing its legacy requires solutions that are safe, scalable, and economically viable.

By reframing red mud as a resource, we can mitigate risk, recover critical materials, and close the loop for rare-earth supply chains.

Learn more about red mud on our Red Mud Page.

Our Solution

To extract REEs from the complex matrix of red mud, we harness microalgae’s inherent capacity to bioaccumulate critical minerals.

Engineered to express a high-affinity REE-binding peptide, our microalgae dramatically increase their metal-capturing capacity while remaining adaptable to variable waste streams.

This biological upgrade enables selective concentration of valuable metals without harsh chemicals, paving the way for cleaner, more sustainable recovery.

Learn more about our innovative approach on the Description Page

Engineered microalgae binding rare earth elements

Our Workflow

We combine engineered algae with a modular bioreactor to capture, concentrate, and recover rare earth elements from red mud. Overview of TERRA workflow

Our Bioreactor

We designed and built a modular bioreactor for cultivating microalgae. Learn more about our bioreactor design on our Hardware Page!

Overview of TERRA workflow
Overview of the TERRA bioreactor prototype

Our Goals

Add momentum to the growing community of REE recycling technologies with a complementary, biology-enabled route.

Raise awareness about the scale and risks of red mud, showing how value can be found in waste through responsible recovery.

Propose a financially viable, lower-impact pathway for the aluminium industry to repurpose bauxite tailings on site.

Our project, TERRA, makes rare-earth recovery cleaner, affordable, and sustainable.

Turning Waste into Resources


Sources
  1. European Commission. Critical Raw Materials Act. Link.
  2. Marinella Favot & Antonio Massarutto. Rare-earth elements in the circular economy: The case of yttrium. Link.
  3. European Commission. European Critical Raw Materials Act Factsheet. Link.
  4. Shane J. Caldwell et al. Tight and specific lanthanide binding in a de novo TIM barrel with a large internal cavity designed by symmetric domain fusion. PNAS.