Safety and Security

Overview

Project Background & Safety Core

Our engineered bacteria will be designed as whole-cell microbial sensors based on transcription factors, which can be used to detect arsenic concentrations in the environment. We will construct plasmids expressing the ArsR protein in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This protein binds to its cognate promoter, thereby repressing the expression of downstream reporter genes. Upon induction with arsenite, the ArsR protein dissociates from the cognate promoter, allowing the expression of downstream reporter genes. There will be a linear relationship between arsenic concentration and the signal output by the reporter gene. Based on this, we will construct and fit a dose-response curve, and optimize the limit of detection (LOD) and operating range to enable efficient and convenient detection of arsenic concentrations in the environment.

The safety management and control of this project focuses on three core risks:

  • Biosafety: Preventing the environmental escape of engineered bacteria and the spread of recombinant plasmids;
  • Operational safety: Operation of BSL-1 strains such as Escherichia coli DH5α and Cupriavidus metallidurans CML2; Use of toxic chemicals (e.g., reagents like NaAsO₂, SDS, EB, APS);
  • Ethical and personnel safety: Privacy protection of participants in Human Practices (HP) questionnaire surveys; Personal protection during on-site activities (such as science popularization and interviews).

The following sections will detail the safety management and control measures of this project from four dimensions: "Design Safety → Laboratory Operational Safety → Personnel Training → HP Activity Safety". All plans comply with the biosafety regulations and the iGEM Safety Guidelines.

Design Safety

Core: Proactively avoid biosafety risks from "chassis selection" to "module design".

Chassis Safety
Chassis Strain Name Source & Background Biosafety Level (BSL) Pathogenicity / Environmental Risk Rationale for Selection
E. coli DH5α A commonly used laboratory cloning strain, purchased from commercial supplier BSL-1 Non-pathogenic; unable to reproduce independently in the human body / natural environment Suitable for plasmid construction; no risk of environmental escape; meets the needs of "laboratory-level detection" projects
Safety Module

The design mechanism of these engineered bacteria does not support their independent reproduction and spread in the natural environment. Their survival and functional performance depend on laboratory-controlled culture conditions (e.g., specific culture media, temperature). The core function of the engineered bacteria is to respond to arsenic ions through a promoter regulatory system and express reporter genes. They do not possess characteristics for colonization, competition, or spread in the environment, and thus lack the biological basis for independent reproduction. Furthermore, they can be treated using physical and chemical methods such as flame incineration or alcohol disinfection to further ensure safety.

Environmentally Adaptive Suicide System: L-arabinose-induced suicide system — When the engineered bacteria escape into the natural environment (lacking target substrate and containing L-arabinose), the suicide gene (e.g., hok/sok) is activated, resulting in a strain mortality rate of ≥99% within 24 hours;
Plasmid Stabilization System: Toxin-Antitoxin System (TA System) — The plasmid carries the antitoxin gene (sok). If the plasmid is lost, the strain only contains the toxin gene (hok) and will die within 3 hours, preventing the spread of recombinant genes;

Laboratory Safety

Universal Safety
Safety Dimension Specific Measures Responsible Personnel Emergency Contact
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Laboratory personnel must wear long-sleeved lab coats, nitrile gloves (resistant to chemical reagents), and safety goggles (to prevent liquid splashing) during experiments. All team members Laboratory Safety Officer: Wan Junjie
Area Isolation Physical separation between experimental areas and rest areas; eating and drinking are prohibited in experimental areas; reagent storage areas are labeled with "Flammable/Toxic" signs (e.g., ethanol is stored in an explosion-proof cabinet). Laboratory Administrator Same as above
Emergency Equipment Each floor of the laboratory is equipped with eye wash stations, fire blankets, and first-aid kits (containing povidone-iodine, band-aids, anti-allergic drugs). Equipment Manager University Infirmary Phone Number
Specific Safety

Strain Operation:

  • BSL-1 E. coli DH5α: Wipe the workbench with 75% ethanol before and after operation; Disposal of waste strains: After autoclaving at 121°C for 20 minutes, handle in accordance with the unified biological waste disposal procedure.
  • BSL-1 Cupriavidus metallidurans CML2: Wipe the workbench with 75% ethanol before and after operation; Disposal of waste strains: After autoclaving at 121°C for 20 minutes, handle in accordance with the unified biological waste disposal procedure.

Special Chemicals:

  • Ethidium Bromide (EB), Ammonium Persulfate (APS), Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS): Stored in fixed locations, used on dedicated workbenches, and leftover reagents must be returned to their storage positions immediately.
  • Low-concentration Sodium Arsenite (NaAsO₂): Stored under the custody of designated personnel; record "collection time / dosage / collector" when in use, and return leftover reagents to their storage positions immediately.

High-Risk Operations:

  • Electroporation Transformation: Personnel must pass the "equipment hands-on assessment" before operation. Electroporation transformation must adhere to high-voltage protection standards (to prevent electric shock and electric arc), while ensuring the good condition of cells/nucleic acids, using dedicated buffers, and performing timely cell recovery to ensure transformation efficiency. It also requires balancing equipment maintenance with sterility and prevention of cross-contamination.
  • Use of Large Centrifuges: Personnel must pass the "equipment hands-on assessment" before operation. Strict compliance with safety specifications is required during use. Due to the high centrifugal force and large equipment size, improper operation may easily lead to equipment damage, sample contamination, or even personal injury.

Training and Enforcement

Training System

Form a closed loop of "Training → Assessment → Onboarding" to avoid formalization.

Training Type Training Content Assessment Method Completion Criteria
Theoretical Training iGEM Safety Guidelines, Biosecurity Law, project safety risks (e.g., hazards of engineered bacteria escape) Question-and-answer session Graded as Excellent, Good, Average, or Unqualified
Hands-on Training Use of biosafety cabinets, operation of autoclaves, emergency handling (e.g., how to clean up reagent spills) On-site practical assessment Ability to complete operations independently without errors
Specialized Training Use of UV gel transilluminators, large centrifuges, electroporators, electrophoresis transfer units, etc. One-on-one assessment by equipment administrators Ability to explain operational risk points
Enforcement & Supervision

Daily Supervision: Mentors conduct laboratory inspections twice a week, focusing on checking "PPE wearing, reagent storage, and sterilization records"; Experimental records must include "safety operation notes" (e.g., "BSL-1 strains were used today and sterilized in accordance with specifications"), which must be signed and confirmed by the team leader.

Violation Handling: First violation (e.g., failure to wear safety goggles): Re-attend theoretical training; Second violation: Suspension of experimental qualification for 3 days.

Safety in Integrated Human Practices

Personnel Safety
HP Activity Type Safety Measures Emergency Plan
Professor Interviews At least two team members (including the one responsible for photography) must be present during interviews; Obtain the interviewee's consent before taking photos. Prepare umbrellas in advance to prevent illness caused by getting wet in bad weather.
Community Questionnaire Surveys Conduct surveys in pairs of two; Inform the team leader of the survey route in advance; Ensure devices are fully charged and notifications are enabled to maintain communication. If residents refuse to complete the questionnaire, discontinue attempting to survey that participant.
Science Popularization Activities (e.g., Campus Lectures) Contact local leaders in advance to ensure the smooth conduct of activities; During activities, use PPT presentations + explanations as the main form of science popularization; No laboratory physical samples will be displayed. If the destination cannot be reached due to weather conditions, reschedule the science popularization activity.
Personal Privacy Safety

Survey Data Processing:

  • Questionnaires / Interview Records: All questionnaires are completed anonymously; Consent from interviewees is obtained before contacting them for interviews, and only the interviewees' names and positions (not personal contact information) are displayed.
  • Photo Records: Consent from participants is obtained before taking photos, and an Informed Consent Form is signed in advance, clearly stating that "photos are only used for project analysis and require review by participants before public release".

Data Disclosure Boundaries:

  • Only "anonymous statistical results" are displayed on the Wiki page; no personal information is disclosed. When using interviewee cases in conference science popularization lectures, no personal information such as addresses or contact details is displayed.

Conclusion

This project implements full-process management and control from "Design (Proactive Protection Modules) → Operation (Laboratory Specifications) → Personnel (Training and Assessment) → HP (Ethics and Protection)". All measures are designed based on actual risks and can effectively avoid the three core risks of "engineered bacteria escape, personal injury, and privacy leakage", complying with iGEM safety requirements and relevant regulations.

Safety Document