In microgravity environments, astronauts and future space tourists commonly face muscle atrophy, bone loss, mood fluctuations, and sleep disorders. Existing measures rely on long-duration training, bulky equipment, and expensive supplements, which are not only inefficient but also increase space mission costs. To truly achieve mass-market space travel, health protection must be lighter, more economical, and sustainable, rather than adding additional payload burden.

The Jiashu-China team developed Mustronaut, an engineered Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 probiotic. It acts as an in vivo “biological factory”, synthesizing HMB to combat muscle loss, producing serotonin to regulate mood and sleep, and implementing a pBAD→MazF suicide switch for controllable biosafety. Combined with a liquid-encapsulated probiotic powder bead formulation, it is suitable for microgravity use and scalable production.

This is a safe, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective engineered probiotic formulation that can sustainably deliver HMB and serotonin, providing health protection for astronauts and space tourists. Through the commercialization of Mustronaut, Jiashu-China translates laboratory innovations into scalable space health infrastructure, while also demonstrating broad applications in terrestrial scenarios such as sarcopenia, rehabilitation, and anti-aging.

Phase I — Encapsulation and Radiation Protection

The lyophilized Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 probiotic powder is encapsulated into microspheres and then suspended in a liquid:

• The powder–liquid dual-component design addresses feeding difficulties in microgravity;
• The liquid outer layer protection helps reduce the impact of cosmic radiation on the strain, lowering the risk of mutations and functional loss.

Phase II — Convenient Administration in Space

Astronauts only need to squeeze the microspheres to release the contents into the liquid:

• Shake well and drink directly with a straw;
• Designed for microgravity, preventing powder floating and ensuring safe and simple use.

Phase III — Safety and Controllability

• Avoid antibiotics within 4 hours after ingestion to ensure probiotic effectiveness;
• If rapid removal of the engineered strain is needed, arabinose can be added to trigger the built-in pBAD→MazF suicide system, enabling controllable termination of the strain.

To ensure that the scientific achievements of the Mustronaut project receive legal protection and possess commercial potential, we plan to submit a patent application in China. Establishing an intellectual property barrier can not only protect core technology from imitation but also promote industrial translation and international collaboration in the future.

The following is our preliminary patent application form:

ID	Category	Patent Type	Patent Content	Description
P1	Product Patent	Invention Patent	Mustronaut engineered strain (EcN chassis + NMN/GLP-1/GSH synthesis modules)	Integration of multifunctional metabolic pathways, designed specifically for space health protection
P2	Product Patent	Invention / Utility Model	Liquid-encapsulated probiotic microspheres (Powder–liquid units)	Freeze-dried probiotic powder encapsulated in thin-film microspheres, suspended in liquid for ease of consumption in space
P3	Process Patent	Invention / Utility Model	Liquid thin-film embedding + lyophilization protection system	Special film and protectant combination ensures strain survival during space transport and under radiation
P4	Application Patent	Invention Patent	Mustronaut application in microgravity-induced muscle atrophy intervention	Addresses core health needs of astronauts/space tourists
P5	Application Patent	Invention Patent	Mustronaut application in bone loss and sleep disorder prevention	Application scenario for common space-related health issues
P6	Application Patent	Invention Patent	Arabinose-induced self-destruct safety switch in space scenarios	Ensures controllable removal of the strain post-use, enhancing biosafety
P7	Application Patent	Invention Patent	Mustronaut extension to terrestrial anti-aging and functional nutrition market	Expands from space health protection to general population health applications

Under a consumer-driven product design philosophy, we have classified and identified project-related stakeholders through the Mendelow matrix to optimize design, expand influence, and promote commercialization. However, we recognize that stakeholders ≠ customers. In business model design, the two must be clearly distinguished.

Our Primary Customers

In the commercialization module, the Jiashu-China team explicitly positions commercial aerospace companies (e.g., spacecraft operators, space tourism companies) as core customers. Our business model adopts a B2B cooperation approach:

• These companies will directly purchase Mustronaut as a health protection product;
• Mustronaut will be equipped in astronaut missions or space tourism journeys.

Advantages of this model:

• Rapid access to a high-value, rigid-demand market (professional astronauts + commercial passengers);
• Avoids the operational pressure of direct B2C consumer engagement.

Our End Users

• Professional astronauts — exposed to microgravity long-term, facing muscle atrophy, bone loss, mood fluctuations, and sleep disorders.
• Future space tourists — even on short missions, they may suffer from muscle weakness, psychological stress, and adaptive decline.

These unmet needs are not only critical to individual health, but also represent core issues that commercial aerospace companies and government agencies must address:

• Current measures rely on long-duration exercise, bulky equipment, and expensive supplements, leading to low efficiency, poor compliance, and high aerospace costs.
• To truly achieve mass and scalable space travel, health protection must be lighter, more economical, and sustainable, rather than adding additional payload burden.

Role of Government and Investors

To accelerate the deployment and adoption of Mustronaut, government support and industrial capital are indispensable:

• Government: provides research funding, policy incentives, and strategic demand for space health protection.
• Corporations & investors: provide capital and distribution channels, accelerating industrialization and market penetration.

Lightweight: Through a “freeze-dried powder–liquid dual-component” package, it replaces bulky exercise equipment and large-scale supplement transport, reducing payload costs. Sustainability: As a living factory in the gut, engineered probiotics continuously synthesize HMB (prevents muscle atrophy) and serotonin (alleviates mood and sleep disorders). Economical: Microbial synthesis offers lower costs compared to chemical supplement production. Safety: Built-in pBAD→MazF suicide system + space waste incineration mechanisms ensure biosafety control in all application scenarios.

Market Potential

Market Potential: With the International Space Station (ISS) set to retire around 2030, the next 25 years will mark a period of rapid growth for commercial space stations and commercial crewed spaceflight.

• U.S. Market：Companies such as SpaceX, Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic, and Axiom Space have already begun the regular operation of commercial crewed spaceflight, with plans between 2025–2030 to expand into space tourism, orbital research, and commercial space station construction.It is estimated that the total number of space tourists worldwide will exceed 500 people by 2025–2028, surpass 1,000 by 2030, and reach over 100,000 by 2050.
• China Market：Currently in a catch-up phase. Companies such as Ziweiyutong and Deep Blue Aerospace have announced plans for suborbital and orbital-level commercial flights by 2027–2028.By 2028, around 10 passengers are expected to enter space, and by 2050, the cumulative number may reach 20,000–50,000. Although smaller in scale compared to the U.S., with policy support and capital investment, the Chinese market is expected to enter an accelerated growth phase.

Trend Insight：The commercial space health protection market is shifting from a niche demand to a necessary infrastructure. Both astronauts and space tourists have significant unmet needs for lightweight, sustainable, and long-term effective health products.

Product Competitiveness

Our Mustronaut is lightweight, sustainable, and cost-accessible. Through integrated human practices, we validated that the core traits urgently needed by target users are portability, long-lasting effect, and biosafety.

We also mapped out the competitive landscape:

• Direct competitors: Expensive supplements currently used in space stations, but with fast metabolism and short duration of effect.
• Indirect competitors: Bulky exercise equipment and long training regimens. Astronauts must spend several hours daily combating muscle and bone loss, which is energy-consuming, has low compliance, and is unsuitable for space tourists.
• Potential competitors: Future personalized drugs or biomedical interventions, currently at the research or concept stage, facing high R&D costs, regulatory uncertainties, and potential side effects.

Features	Mustronaut	Expensive Supplements	Heavy Training Devices	Future Personalized Drugs
Lightweight & Portable	✅	✅	❌ (bulky equipment)	❓(unknown)
Long-lasting Effect (sustained action)	✅	❌ (short-term metabolism)	❌ (requires continuous training)	❓ (still in R&D)
Cost-effectiveness	✅	✅	❌ (high energy & maintenance)	❌ (high R&D & drug price)
Safe for Humans	✅ (probiotic, GRAS)	✅	✅	❓ (potential side effects)
Efficiency in Microgravity	✅	❌ (unstable effect)	❌ (low compliance)	❓ (not yet validated)
Easy to Use	✅ (powder–liquid integrated packaging)	✅ (easy to swallow)	❌ (complex operation)	❓ (unclear delivery form)
Scalability for Space Tourism	✅	❌ (high cost at scale)	❌ (tourists cannot sustain training)	❓ (future possibility)

Mustronaut, with its unique advantages of efficiency, scalability, and convenience, demonstrates outstanding competitiveness in addressing muscle atrophy, bone loss, and psychological stress under microgravity conditions.

Compared with traditional space health solutions—such as bulky exercise devices or expensive supplements—Mustronaut demonstrates a clear advantage in scalability. Its freeze-dried probiotic powder enables low-cost, large-scale production, while efficient packaging ensures flexible delivery. As outlined in our production roadmap, this approach not only secures economic feasibility but also supports long-term profitability in the emerging commercial space market.

Currently, Mustronaut is primarily designed for professional astronauts and early space tourists. However, its lightweight and modular design allows for flexible adaptation to diverse future scenarios—including long-term space station residency, private space hotels, and even Mars and deep-space exploration. By adjusting formulations and usage protocols, Mustronaut can address the diverse health needs of different populations.

Leveraging China’s mature biomanufacturing and fermentation industry, we have already validated the feasibility of scalable production through collaborations with local probiotic powder factories. As mass production advances and the number of space travelers grows, economies of scale will further reduce costs and improve accessibility. This scalability not only strengthens our competitive edge, but also ensures that Mustronaut grows in parallel with the expanding space economy.

Although Mustronaut is not yet affordable for the general public—relying at present on government support, corporate partnerships, and capital investment—our long-term vision is to make this solution accessible to ordinary consumers. With declining costs and a maturing market, Mustronaut is expected to gradually move beyond the realm of “space-exclusive” applications, entering the broader health and nutrition market and achieving true inclusive accessibility.

Mustronaut stands out in the field of space health protection by combining engineered probiotics with the unique health needs of astronauts. Unlike traditional bulky exercise devices or expensive supplements, Mustronaut leverages E. coli Nissle 1917 as an “in vivo factory” to sustainably synthesize HMB (β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate) for muscle protection, while simultaneously secreting serotonin to regulate mood and sleep. This “dual-module design” is the first of its kind in space medicine, addressing both physiological degeneration and psychological stress under microgravity.

Through engagement with aerospace experts and health professionals, we have confirmed the urgent demand for lightweight, cost-effective, and sustainable solutions. By incorporating an arabinose-inducible suicide switch, Mustronaut ensures biosafety while maintaining functionality, showcasing its unique innovation compared to existing countermeasures.

Looking ahead, we plan to expand the Mustronaut platform to address additional long-term mission health challenges, such as bone density loss and immune regulation, while also exploring its potential applications on Earth—for example, in sarcopenia prevention and anti-aging health management. This innovative R&D trajectory not only highlights our creativity, but also establishes Mustronaut’s distinct market position at the intersection of space medicine and synthetic biology.

Roadmap

We have developed a long-term roadmap that clearly defines our R&D milestones, market entry phases, and scalability strategies. This roadmap not only highlights the near-term feasibility of our project in the Chinese market, but also illustrates our vision of growing in parallel with the global commercial space industry.

Mustronaut Product Development & Market Roadmap

1. Prototype Development (2025–2026)

• Complete laboratory validation and develop the first-generation prototypes of Mustronaut.
• Collaborate with local Chinese probiotic powder factories to test scalable production feasibility.

2. China Early Market Entry (2027–2028)

• Conduct small-scale trials in China’s early commercial space market (suborbital flights / research missions).
• By 2028, the domestic user base is expected to reach 10–50 people.

3. Global Expansion Phase I (2030)

• Enter the global market alongside the rise of private space travel.
• By 2030, global space travelers are expected to reach 1,000, with Mustronaut becoming a standard health protection solution.

4. Global Expansion Phase II (2040)

• As commercial spaceflight costs decrease, space travel becomes accessible to the middle class.
• Mustronaut product line expands to include bone density management, immune regulation, and psychological health support.
• Target market size reaches 100,000 users.

5. Mass Adoption (2050)

• With global space travelers exceeding 100,000, Mustronaut becomes a standard solution in space medicine.
• Establish deep partnerships with international space agencies and commercial space companies for full-scale supply.
• Explore Earth applications (anti-aging, sarcopenia management) for cross-scenario adoption.

Financial Plan

Revenue Forecast

Based on our market analysis, space enterprises and commercial aerospace companies are our primary customers. They prioritize safety, stability, and scalability, and are less price-sensitive.

• 2025–2028: Mustronaut remains in the R&D and pilot phase, operating at a loss and relying on government support and capital investment.
• 2030: With entry into the global commercial space market, Mustronaut is expected to achieve profitability and recover initial investments.
• 2040–2050: As space travel becomes more accessible, Mustronaut will experience explosive growth, becoming the standard health protection product for space missions.

Assumptions

• Enterprise Unit Price: ¥200,000 per dose
• Initial Annual Volume (2028): ~50 doses
• CAGR: Gradual growth alongside market expansion

Year	Sales Volume (doses)	Unit Price (RMB)	Revenue (RMB)
2026	10 (pilot)	200,000	2,000,000
2028	50 (China early market)	200,000	10,000,000
2030	500 (global expansion)	200,000	100,000,000
2040	10,000 (mainstream adoption)	150,000	1,500,000,000
2050	100,000 (mass adoption)	100,000	10,000,000,000

Costs & Expenses

Production Costs

• Initial unit cost: ~¥80,000 per dose
• Economies of scale: Costs expected to decrease to ~¥20,000 per dose as production scales up

Operating Expenses

• Approximately 10–15% of revenue
• Primarily for market development and partnership management

R&D Costs

• Initial annual R&D investment: ¥8–10 million
• Long-term R&D expenditure will grow alongside revenue to maintain technological leadership

Year	Revenue (RMB)	Production Cost (RMB)	Operating Expenses (RMB)	R&D Expenses (RMB)	Profit (RMB)
2026	2,000,000	1,000,000	200,000	8,000,000	-7,200,000
2028	10,000,000	4,000,000	1,000,000	9,000,000	-4,000,000
2030	100,000,000	30,000,000	10,000,000	12,000,000	48,000,000
2040	1,500,000,000	300,000,000	150,000,000	30,000,000	1,020,000,000
2050	10,000,000,000	2,000,000,000	1,000,000,000	50,000,000	6,950,000,000

Cash Flow Analysis

Year	Cash Inflow (RMB)	Cash Outflow (RMB)	Cash Flow (RMB)
2026	2,000,000	9,200,000	-7,200,000
2028	10,000,000	14,000,000	-4,000,000
2030	100,000,000	52,000,000	48,000,000
2040	1,500,000,000	480,000,000	1,020,000,000
2050	10,000,000,000	3,050,000,000	6,950,000,000

Funding Requirements

Startup Capital: ¥50,000,000 (covering fermentation line setup, freeze-drying equipment, safety testing, regulatory approvals). Funding Sources :

• Personal Funds : ¥5,000,000 —— for early laboratory R&D
• Government Support : ¥10,000,000 —— strategic project grants
• enture Capital : ¥35,000,000 —— for industrial-scale production and market expansion

Payback Period : Expected by 2030, when global adoption begins.

Resources

Throughout Mustronaut’s development, we recognize that Human Practices (HP) and commercial interviews are not one-time activities, but a continuous cyclical process.

• We engage with space companies, investors, scientific experts, and government agencies to gather initial feedback and maintain ongoing follow-up communication.
• Feedback is integrated into product optimization and business planning, creating a long-term cycle of communication → feedback → improvement → support.
• This mechanism enables Mustronaut to continuously absorb external expertise, secure resources, and enhance feasibility for deployment and commercialization.

Key Partners

• Space companies
• Investors & venture capital
• Government agencies
• Intellectual property & legal advisors
• Probiotic fermentation & formulation factories
• Universities & research institutes
• International collaborators

Risk Analysis

To ensure the commercial success of Mustronaut, potential risks at different development stages are identified, and mitigation strategies are proposed. Based on market research and stakeholder feedback, the following risks are summarized:

Risk Category	Potential Risk	Mitigation Strategy
Technical Risk	Stability of engineered E. coli in microgravity and radiation environments is uncertain	Conduct long-term simulated space experiments; design redundant safety modules
Market Risk	China’s commercial space market is still in early stages; demand may be insufficient	Prioritize partnerships with global companies (e.g., SpaceX, Axiom), while gradually developing the domestic market
Financial Risk	High initial R&D and production costs may lead to prolonged losses	Rely on government grants, venture capital, and capital from space enterprises during 2025–2028
Regulatory/Compliance Risk	Approval processes for engineered probiotics in space medicine are not yet clear	Collaborate with space medicine institutions to establish compliance with international biosafety standards
User Acceptance Risk	Astronauts and space tourists may have concerns about safety and usability	Conduct transparent functionality validation and clinical-like trials; emphasize dual suicide switch design

Potential Risks and Mitigation Strategies for Mustronaut

Exit Strategies

Given the high uncertainty in the intersection of commercial space and synthetic biology, it is crucial to plan diversified exit paths to mitigate potential risks and protect investor and team interests. We have designed the following exit options:

1、Horizontal Merger

Mustronaut could merge with large space medicine, space food, or commercial aerospace service companies. This approach provides funding, industry channels, and brand leverage, accelerating industrial deployment and enhancing market penetration.

2、Licensing

Core strain designs, metabolic pathways, or “liquid-encapsulated probiotic spheres” packaging technology can be licensed to biotech or aerospace companies. Leverages their production capacity and market resources for rapid expansion while maintaining recurring revenue through patent licensing.

3、Joint Venture / Strategic Partnership

Establish joint ventures with commercial aerospace companies, nutrition & health companies, or pharmaceutical firms. Enables shared R&D outcomes and market channels, reduces unilateral risk, and enhances Mustronaut’s market credibility.

4、Government / SOE Acquisition

Due to the strategic importance of space and defense, Mustronaut could be acquired by national space agencies or state-owned enterprises, becoming part of national-level health protection programs.

5、Spin-off Applications

If the space market grows slowly, Mustronaut’s core technology (engineered probiotics + liquid-encapsulation delivery) can be adapted to Earth-based health markets (e.g., anti-aging, immune modulation, medical nutrition), providing an alternative commercialization pathway.

Skills, Capabilities

The Mustronaut project is initiated by the Jiashu-China team, a cross-disciplinary group of passionate and creative high school students. Team members come from different schools and academic backgrounds, bringing together experience in biological research, as well as skills in engineering, design, business, and communication. This diversity of interests and expertise enables the team to maintain efficient collaboration across research, commercialization, and human practices.

The team not only relies on its own efforts but also maintains ongoing communication with aerospace experts, psychologists, nutritionists, fitness coaches, and bioengineering scholars, ensuring that Mustronaut’s solutions are both scientifically feasible and user-centered. Additionally, the team has obtained support from local probiotic factories and laboratories, enabling the engineering of bacterial strains and formulation development to progress from concept to experimental validation.

Moreover, Jiashu-China members demonstrate strong learning and adaptability. Some focus on scientific experiments, others on market research and financial planning, and others on science communication and artistic design. This diverse skill structure ensures that the team can advance research breakthroughs while simultaneously exploring commercialization pathways and engaging with the public.

Detailed member roles and expertise can be found on the Team page.

Stakeholders

Stakeholder	Purpose of Communication	Feedback / Insights	Improvements & Actions
Aerospace Experts	Understand post-flight muscle weakness in astronauts; validate microgravity effects on human body	Long-term microgravity causes antigravity muscle atrophy; current methods rely on large exercise equipment, costly and limited in effectiveness	Establish Mustronaut’s core intervention point
Space Medicine Experts	Explore physiological effects of microgravity and existing mitigation methods	Current countermeasures almost entirely exercise-based, time-consuming, bulky, limited effect	Set exercise + nutritional supplements as complementary approach
Space Equipment Experts	Understand volume and launch cost constraints	Launch cost per kilogram extremely high; large exercise equipment and supplements are impractical	Confirm Mustronaut’s advantage: lightweight, reduces payload; reinforce “in-body factory” synthesis concept
Nutritionists	Understand astronaut diet and nutrient deficiencies	Limited diet; insufficient protein and amino acids, unable to offset muscle loss effectively	Validate importance of HMB-engineered probiotics; define positioning as “filling dietary gaps”
Fitness Coaches	Explore anti-sarcopenia supplements in terrestrial environments	HMB widely used in fitness; reduces muscle breakdown, promotes recovery	Establish HMB as core product; design de novo HMB metabolic pathway
Psychologists	Explore emotional, anxiety, and sleep issues in space	Closed environments cause anxiety and depression; stress affects physical recovery; serotonin is key neurotransmitter	Introduce serotonin synthesis module in strain; extend to dual physical and mental support
Synthetic Biology Researchers	Understand metabolic optimization and biosafety strategies	yciA thioesterase can enhance HMB yield; in-body suicide system required for safety	Build 2nd generation high-yield strain (introduce yciA); implement arabinose-inducible suicide system
Aerospace Workers	Verify waste handling and biosafety	Spacecraft waste collected and incinerated at high temperature; prevents external leakage	Confirm dual in-body + ex-body safety design; ensure regulatory compliance
Probiotic Manufacturers	Learn probiotic production, freeze-drying, and packaging	Freeze-drying is mature; packaging must be portable and lightweight	Explore single-dose freeze-dried capsules or liquid-encapsulated probiotic spheres
Aero-Bio Cross Experts	Assess radiation effects on strain stability	Radiation may cause mutations; need protection and convenient delivery	Propose liquid-encapsulated probiotic spheres: radiation protection + easy consumption
Lawyers	Explore IP and legal protection	Recommend patents and trademarks to protect core technology and packaging	Develop patent plan covering metabolic modules, suicide system, packaging
Investors	Validate commercial value and financing feasibility	Concerned with market size, technical barriers, application potential; see commercial opportunities	Adjust market positioning: focus on B2B aerospace companies first, later expand to C-end consumers

Guided by a user-driven product design philosophy, the Jiashu-China team employed the Mendelow matrix to classify and identify project-related stakeholders. This approach not only helped clarify the needs of end users, but also provided priority guidance for product design, impact expansion, and commercialization strategies.

These stakeholders are not merely drivers in our commercialization process; they also serve as a guarantee for Mustronaut’s practical application. Through a continuous communication → feedback → improvement → support cycle, our solution has gradually progressed from a scientific concept to applied practice.

Mustronaut leverages engineered probiotics to synthesize HMB + serotonin in vivo, providing lightweight, sustainable, and reversible physiological and psychological health support for space travel. Its long-term impact encompasses both positive value for individuals and industry and potential risks in biosafety, ethics, and regulation, which require governance measures and engineering redundancy for mitigation.

Positive

Environment & Sustainability

• Reduced payload & energy consumption: “In-body production” replaces bulky equipment and large-scale supplement transport, lowering launch mass and energy use.
• Green manufacturing: Microbial synthesis substitutes high-pollution chemical routes, supporting sustainable supply chains and long-term mission resupply.
• Low waste: Freeze-dried stability and extended room-temperature storage reduce cold chain and packaging consumption.

Crew Health & Mission Efficiency

• Muscle protection: HMB mitigates microgravity-induced muscle degradation, shortens post-mission recovery, and enhances mission continuity.
• Mood & sleep: Serotonin pathway supports emotional stability and sleep quality, improving team collaboration and decision-making.
• Reversible on-demand: Arabinose triggers the pBAD→MazF self-destruction system, allowing rapid clearance and reduced long-term dependency.

Accessibility & Dual-use

• Standardized health module for future commercial spaceflight; long-term spillover to Earth applications (e.g., sarcopenia, bedridden patients, shift work sleep issues) generates social health benefits.

Negative & Mitigations

Biosafety & Ecological Risk

Risk points: Strain escape, horizontal gene transfer, persistent colonization in host. Mitigations:

• Genetic safeguards: dual self-destruction switches.
• Closed-loop waste management: high-temperature incineration of crew waste; packaging with destructive inactivation tags (time-limited upon opening).
• Traceable batches: barcode gene tags + whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for recall and accountability.

Radiation-induced Mutation & Stability

Risk points: Cosmic radiation may cause mutations affecting function or safet. Mitigations：

• Physical protection: liquid-encapsulated probiotic spheres + multi-layer thin-film microcapsules; pre- and post-launch random sequencing to verify stability.
• Functional safeguards: redundant metabolic pathways, mismatch triggers self-destruction circuit.

Ethics & Compliance： Risk points: informed consent, cross-border transport, overlapping regulatory frameworks (drug/space/biosafety); public perception and acceptance.

Mitigations：

• Compliance modules: preclinical research and quality systems (GMP, GLP) via dual drug/food pathways; IRB/ethics templates for mission scenarios.
• Risk communication: transparent labeling, reversible shutdown mechanisms; public science education and stakeholder consultation.

Supply Chain & Operations Risk points: limited raw materials, fermentation & freeze-drying capacity; mission interruption backup.

Mitigations：

• Dual production lines: domestic and international GMP capacity + key enzyme/vector local alternatives.
• Redundant inventory: pre-mission safety stock & in-orbit shelf-life validation; batch retention and cold backup.

Considering Mustronaut’s long-term impact, we aim for it to significantly reduce health support costs and resource burden for space missions while employing reversible, controllable, and traceable engineering designs to gradually mitigate biosafety and compliance risks. By advancing a “technology—governance—operations” triad, Mustronaut maximizes astronaut and space tourist welfare and minimizes environmental and societal externalities.