Human Practice
Human Practice

Human Practices

Integrated Human Practice

Abstract

We engaged 30+ stakeholders across the entire pipeline—from lab to industry—including public, clinicians, researchers, and legal/industry advisors, Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs), investors ensuring our project is robust and socially relevant.

We also reached out to 6 iGEM teams and hosted the Shanghai iGEM meetup to exchange insights and strengthen our design.

From the outset, our team engaged diverse stakeholders to guide our project.

Phase 1, we gathered both public and clinical perspectives on eye health. Insights from these consultations led us to produce β-carotene and design youth-friendly formats, including a Roblox game and snack prototypes.

Phase 2 involved researchers, translational medicine experts, entrepreneurs, and policymakers. Their guidance shaped sustainable carbon source selection (might be helpful in the future), cloud-connected fermentation automation, and potential expansion into beverages, pet feed, and cosmetics.

Phase 3 focused on technical optimization. Microbiologists advised on yeast chassis selection, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, and subcellular compartmentalization, significantly boosting β-carotene yields. Programmers assisted in hardware and Roblox game development.

Phase 4 explored commercialization and social impact. Consultations with legal advisors, youth KOLs, and early users informed our focus on cosmetic products for faster regulatory approval, as well as packaging design, fan engagement strategies, and early funding initiatives.

Overview of our integrated human practice

Overview of our integrated human practice.

1. Laying the Foundation: Identifying Real-World Needs

What we did
  • Online/offline Eye stress survey
  • Eye Strain Thematic Interview (continued till 07/2025)
  • Interview with Ophthalmologist Dr. Wu
Stakeholders
  • General public (Offline outreach focused on schools and youth communities)
  • 20+ high-screen-use individuals (programmers, students, researchers)
  • Ophthalmologist/Patients
Why

We aimed to bridge statistical data with real-world experiences, understanding eye health challenges from:

  1. The public perspective - habits, attitudes toward eye health, and openness to functional foods/cosmetics.
  2. The clinical perspective - unmet medical needs, safety concerns, and feasible intervention strategies.
What we learned
  • 30-40% of adolescent dry eye patients lack vitamin A, showing night vision decline and corneal staining.
  • Most interviewees have used eye drops and taken lutein.
  • Food/snack formats are preferred over capsules. Students are willing to pay 5-10 RMB/day for drinks and < 5 RMB/day for capsules.
  • Bio-synthesized products are more accepted than chemically synthesized ones.
  • Misconceptions persist, but interest in gamified education is high.
What we adapted to our project
  • Selected synthetic biology strategy to produce β-carotene.
  • Though we focus on treatment, we identified food/creative snacks are more popular which might be promising final products.
  • Focused on adolescents with significant vision changes and high protection needs, and developed game-based engagement (e.g., Roblox) to attract them.

1.1 Eye stress survey

Date: 12/2024

From our preliminary literature review and data research, we identified the following key issues:

  • At least 2.2 billion people live with vision impairment. Shockingly,1 billion of these cases could have been prevented.
  • East Asia and Southeast Asia have particularly high rates of vision impairment and myopia, with adolescent myopia rates reaching up to 97% in some urban areas.
  • β-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, is essential for maintaining eye health, but many adolescents have insufficient intake due to dietary preferences and habits.

Based on the findings from preliminary literature review and data research, we designed a questionnaire survey targeting local young people and the general public to better understand their real-world eye health status, eye strain, nutritional intake, consumption habits, and acceptance of β-carotene.

Survey Design

Questionnaire covering: (1) Eye-use habits, (2) Current eye-care methods, (3) Awareness & acceptance of β-carotene products, (4) Stakeholders

Distribution

Online (social media, campus groups) and offline (universities, libraries).

Results

We received 201 responses in total. Most respondents were students (teenagers), many with eye-related medical histories such as conjunctivitis, myopia, and dry eye. While many hope for innovative foods and know about beta-carotene’s role in eye health, acceptance of synthetic biology products remains limited, with misunderstandings persisting. The survey also revealed new stakeholders, such as personal care and cosmetics brands. For details, we provide both Chinese and English versions for reference.

Survey report (Chinese version)
Survey report (English version)

1.2 Eye Strain Thematic Interview

Date: 12/2024-07/2025

Aim

Through person-to-person communication, explore more specific questions, pain points, needs, and acceptance levels regarding eye strain and eye health.

Interview 01

Interviews / 01

Date: July 11, 2025

Interviewee: Qin Jin Researcher

Q1: How long do you use electronic devices daily (phone, computer, tablet)? A1: Around 10 hours, except during experiments.

Q2: Do you experience any eye discomfort during use? A2: Yes, I have myopia and astigmatism from frequent device use.

Q3: Do you take any measures to relieve symptoms (e.g., reducing brightness, eye protection mode, eye drops)? A3: No.

Q4: Do you intentionally eat foods beneficial for eye health (e.g., carrots, blueberries)? A4: Yes, if the cafeteria serves them, I choose carrots.

Q5: Are you aware of any existing eye-health supplements? A5: Yes, I've tried lutein gummies but haven't explored further.

Q6: If a new eye-health supplement were available, what form would you prefer? A6: Tablets or food-based forms like gummies and biscuits.

Q7: If the supplement were produced via synthetic biology, would you mind? A7: No — as someone in the field, I have no psychological barrier.

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Interview 02

Interviews / 02

Date: July 11, 2025

Interviewee: Tao (Master student)

Q1: As a university student, how long do you use electronic devices (phone, computer, tablet) daily, for study, entertainment, or communication? A1: 2-3 hours on class/work days; 8-9 hours when free.

Q2: Have you experienced symptoms such as difficulty seeing at night, blurred vision when moving between bright and dark environments, dry eyes, or photophobia? A2: Yes, I've had such symptoms for 2-3 years.

Q3: If a β-carotene supplement were available, would you prefer it in a novel form (snack, drink, energy bar), traditional supplement form (capsules, tablets, tonic), or as natural foods (carrots, other orange vegetables)? Or would you avoid supplementation altogether? A3: I'd prefer tablets — they remind me to take them regularly. Drinks are also fine for daily use. Many people in my country distrust health supplements due to negative publicity. I think capsules/tablets with a medicinal label would be more acceptable and clearer in purpose.

Q4: As a student, what daily cost would you accept for such a product? A4: If effective, 5-10 RMB per drink — similar to normal beverages. Under 5 RMB if in capsule/tablet form.

Q5: Would you be willing to eat more β-carotene-rich foods for eye health? A5: Yes, my eye health is urgent — I've had myopia and astigmatism since 8th grade.

Q6: Would product design (packaging, flavor) influence your purchase decision, or is efficacy the only priority? A6: Efficacy is important, but attractive design can boost sales.

Q7: What's your attitude toward "using gene editing to create innovative foods to address nutritional deficiencies"? A7: Supportive — it can improve purity, conversion efficiency, and quality, and lower costs once production scales up.

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Interview 03

Interviews / 03

Date: July 12, 2025

Interviewee: Researcher Xiuru Shen

Q1: How often do you use electronic devices (mobile phone, computer, TV, etc.) and for how long each time? A1: I use them every day. Mobile phone: 4-5 hours/day. Computer: 3-4 hours/day.

Q2: In what environment do you usually use electronic devices? For example, in dimly lit rooms, outdoors, or elsewhere? A2: Usually in a well-lit environment. Before bed, I use a night lamp.

Q3: Do you experience eye fatigue or discomfort after long periods of screen use? If so, what symptoms? A3: Yes, I often feel eye fatigue.

Q4: Do you pay attention to your eye health? Do you have regular eye check-ups? A4: I care about my eye health but do not have regular check-ups.

Q5: Have you experienced any eye problems (e.g., myopia, dry eyes, blurred vision)? How did you manage them? A5: Once after staying up late with friends, I couldn't open my eyes the next day, and my vision was very blurry. I often use eye drops and take lutein supplements. If the cafeteria serves shredded carrots, I will choose them. I also often eat blueberries or drink blueberry juice — they make my eyes feel brighter that day.

Q6: If there were an eye-care product, what form would you prefer? A6: Food-based products, like biscuits or candies. It's best if they can provide energy while being beneficial for eye health. I have no psychological barrier toward biologically synthesized products.

Q7: How do you see the current level of public awareness about eye health? Is there enough education and reminders? A7: More promotion and publicity are needed. Some people have biases against gene editing or artificially produced products and do not pay attention to eye health. Schools could organize lectures or activities on eye health.

Q8: Would you try new methods to improve eye health (e.g., eye-care software, adjusting screen brightness, special glasses)? A8: My mother does eye exercises, but I don't. I turn on the eye protection mode on my phone and computer.

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Interview 04

Interviews / 04

Date: July 12, 2025

Interviewee: Yue (Researcher)

Q1: On a scale of 1-10, how satisfied are you with your current vision? A1: My vision is generally good, but I get some eye fatigue after long screen use.

Q2: Do you have symptoms of dry eyes (e.g., dryness, redness, foreign body sensation)? A2: Not at the moment.

Q3: Do you know about the role of β-carotene in eye health? A3: Yes, it helps protect vision. It's found in carrots and leafy green vegetables.

Q4: If β-carotene produced via synthetic biology (e.g., lab-made supplements) could help with eye health, would you consider buying it? A4: As long as it's proven safe and effective, I would be willing to try such products.

Q5: Do you currently use any eye drops or supplements? A5: No, I'm not using any eye-care products right now.

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Interview 05

Interviews / 05

Date: June 25, 2025

Interviewee: Luming Wang (High School)

Q1: How many hours do you use electronic devices daily? A1: Around 4-6 hours, including online classes and mobile phone use.

Q2: Do you experience eye discomfort? A2: Yes, my eyes often feel tired and dry after studying.

Q3: Do you wear glasses? A3: Yes, 400-degree myopia.

Q4: Do you take breaks when studying? A4: Rarely, I usually continue until I finish.

Q5: Do you notice blurred vision at night? A5: Sometimes, especially when switching from bright screens to darkness.

Q6: Do you eat foods like carrots or blueberries for your eyes? A6: Occasionally, if my parents cook them.

Q7: Do you use eye drops? A7: Sometimes after long study sessions.

Q8: Have you tried supplements? A8: No, but I know some classmates use lutein.

Q9: Would you accept a supplement made with synthetic biology? A9: Yes, if safe and affordable.

Q10: What worries you most about eye health? A10: My eyesight worsening before college entrance exams.

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Interview 06

Interviews / 06

Date: June 25, 2025

Interviewee: Yunchen Gu (High School)

Q1: Daily screen time? A1: Around 6-7 hours, mostly for study and gaming.

Q2: Eye discomfort? A2: Yes, sometimes headaches from long use.

Q3: Do you wear glasses? A3: Yes, mild myopia.

Q4: Do you take breaks? A4: Sometimes every hour.

Q5: Do you use blue-light filters? A5: Yes, on my phone.

Q6: Do you eat eye-healthy foods? A6: I eat carrots when available.

Q7: Have you tried supplements? A7: No.

Q8: Would you try food-based supplements? A8: Yes, gummies or biscuits are easier.

Q9: Any bias toward synthetic biology? A9: Neutral — I'd check safety first.

Q10: Biggest concern? A10: Dry eyes affecting my focus during study.

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Interview 07

Interviews / 07

Date: June 25, 2025

Interviewee: Meihao Ai (High School)

Q1: To start, do you ever think about your eye health or do anything specific to protect your vision? A1: I don't have a special routine or anything. I just try not to stare at my computer or phone for too long without a break. I'll look away or go outside for a bit to give my eyes a rest.

Q2: Have you heard about the connection between food and eyesight, like the old saying that carrots help you see in the dark? A2: Yes, definitely. I think everyone's heard that from their parents. I know carrots are healthy, but I don't eat them every day thinking about my vision.

Q3: Our project is about producing that healthy molecule, beta-carotene, from yeast instead of from carrots. What's your first reaction to that idea? A3: That's cool. It seems like a smart way to make a lot of it. Is it for making supplements? I guess it could be a more direct way for people to get the nutrient.

Q4: We're researching how this might be connected to pressure inside the eye, which is a different aspect of eye health than just being nearsighted or farsighted. Is that something you're aware of? A4: I've heard the term, like with glaucoma. But since I've never had any problems, I don't really notice or think about the pressure in my eyes. It's not something you can feel.

Q5: Since you have great eyesight, what does "healthy eyes" mean to you on a day-to-day basis? A5: I guess I'm lucky that I don't have to think about it much. For me, it just means my eyes don't feel tired or strained by the end of the day, and I can see everything clearly without any help.

Q6: If our research led to a safe, natural supplement that could help maintain good eye pressure and potentially prevent future problems, is that something you might be interested in? A6: Probably, if it was easy and there was good science behind it. Since my eyes are fine now, I'd think of it more as a preventative thing, like vitamins, to make sure they stay healthy later on.

Q7: What's your opinion on using modified organisms like yeast for health benefits? Does that seem strange or useful to you? A7: It sounds useful. It seems like a modern way to create things we need. If it's done safely in a lab to make something healthy, I think it's a good idea.

Q8: Finally, for our project, we have to explain our work to the public. How would you suggest we make this project sound exciting and relevant to other students like you? A8: I'd lead with the yeast—it's cool that you're programming a tiny organism to do something new. Then connect it to something everyone cares about, like protecting your eyes from all the screen time we have. Frame it like future-proofing your vision.

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Interview 08

Interviews / 08

Date: June 24, 2025

Interviewee: Zihan Xu (High School)

Q1: Screen time per day? A1: 6 hours, mostly online classes and reading.

Q2: Do you have myopia? A2: Yes, since middle school.

Q3: Eye discomfort? A3: Yes, dry eyes and difficulty focusing.

Q4: Do you use any relief measures? A4: I sometimes close my eyes for a short break.

Q5: Do you eat carrots or blueberries? A5: Not often, but I know they help.

Q6: Do you use supplements? A6: No.

Q7: Prefer food-based or capsule supplements? A7: Food-based, more natural.

Q8: Would you accept synthetic biology products? A8: Yes, if officially approved.

Q9: Concern with vision? A9: Worsening myopia and conjunctivitis.

Q10: What would motivate you to use supplements? A10: Evidence of real effect.

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Interview 09

Interviews / 09

Date: June 24, 2025

Interviewee: Xinchen Yu (High School)

Q1: Daily device use? A1: 6-7 hours.

Q2: Do you get eye fatigue? A2: Yes, after phone gaming.

Q3: Do you wear glasses? A3: Not yet.

Q4: Do you use eye drops? A4: Sometimes after long study.

Q5: Do you take breaks? A5: Not regularly.

Q6: Do you eat eye-healthy foods? A6: Occasionally, I like blueberries.

Q7: Have you tried supplements? A7: No.

Q8: Form preference? A8: Gummies or drinks.

Q9: Opinion on synthetic biology? A9: Open-minded.

Q10: Biggest worry? A10: My vision worsening with more screen time.

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Interview 10

Interviews / 10

Date: May 18, 2025

Interviewee: TANG (Primary School)

Q1: Screen hours per day? A1: 2-3 hours for homework and cartoons.

Q2: Eye discomfort? A2: Sometimes itchy eyes.

Q3: Do you wear glasses? A3: Not yet.

Q4: Do parents limit screen use? A4: Yes, only after homework.

Q5: Do you eat carrots? A5: Yes, mom reminds me.

Q6: Do you use eye drops? A6: No.

Q7: Do you know about supplements? A7: Only heard of vitamins.

Q8: Preferred form? A8: Candy or biscuits.

Q9: Do you worry about eye health? A9: A little, teacher said protect eyes.

Q10: Fun way to learn eye care? A10: Games or cartoons.

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Interview 11

Interviews / 11

Date: April 20, 2025

Interviewee: Weiliang Mei (Programmer)

Q1: How long do you use a computer daily? A1: About 6-10 hours, mostly for coding.

Q2: Do you experience eye problems? A2: Yes, frequent dryness and blurred vision.

Q3: Do you wear glasses? A3: No.

Q4: Do you adjust screen brightness? A4: Yes, I use dark mode and blue-light filters.

Q5: Do you take regular breaks? A5: Not really, deadlines keep me glued to the screen.

Q6: Do you use any supplements? A6: I occasionally take lutein tablets.

Q7: Do you eat foods for eye health? A7: Not intentionally, but I like carrots.

Q8: Would you try β-carotene supplements from synthetic biology? A8: Yes, especially if clinically validated.

Q9: What form would you prefer? A9: Capsules or functional drinks or innovative food.

Q10: What is your biggest concern? A10: Long-term screen use damaging my eyesight further.

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Interview 12

Interviews / 12

Date: March 15, 2025

Interviewee: Guojin Zhou (Designer)

Q1: Work hours on screen? A1: 9-10 hours, mostly design software.

Q2: Symptoms? A2: Eye strain and redness.

Q3: Do you wear glasses? A3: Yes, sometimes contact glasses.

Q4: Do you use filters? A4: Sometimes.

Q5: Do you take breaks? A5: Rarely, until work finished.

Q6: Foods for eyes? A6: Blueberries.

Q7: Supplements? A7: No.

Q8: Preferred form? A8: Functional drinks or tablet or snacks.

Q9: Opinion on synthetic biology? A9: Supportive, innovation is fine.

Q10: Concern? A10: Eye fatigue affecting creativity.

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Interview 13

Interviews / 13

Date: December 21, 2024

Interviewee: Mengyuan Gu (High school)

Q1: When you use digital devices for long periods, how do your eyes typically feel? Do you notice any discomfort, even though your vision remains clear? A1: Actually, yes. Even though my sight is sharp, after long online classes or scrolling on my phone, my eyes sometimes feel a bit tired or dry. It's not painful, but I notice it.

Q2: How aware are you of antioxidants or natural compounds—like those found in certain foods—that can help protect your eyes from environmental or screen-related stress? A2: I've heard a little about blueberries and greens being good for your eyes, but I didn't really know why. It's not something we talk about much at school.

Q3: If you learned that a common food ingredient like yeast could be enhanced to produce eye-healthy nutrients, how would that change your view of science in daily life? A3: It would make science feel much more connected to real life—like it's not just in labs, but in things we eat or use every day. That's pretty exciting.

Q4: Outside of diet, what other methods do you currently use—if any—to help your eyes feel refreshed after a long day? A4: I sometimes use blue light filter settings on my devices, and I make sure the lighting in my room isn't too harsh. But I've never tried anything like a supplement.

Q5: How open do you think you and your friends would be to consuming a nutrient-rich food or supplement that came from bioengineered yeast if it was meant to support long-term eye wellness? A5: I think if it was explained clearly and felt safe, we'd be curious. It would depend on how it tasted or how easy it was to take, though!

Q6: Where do you and your peers usually get information about health or wellness? Would you trust a product developed by student researchers like us? A6: We look a lot online—TikTok, Instagram, sometimes health websites. If students our age were behind it, that would actually make it feel more relatable and trustworthy.

Q7: What kind of message or story about our project do you think would resonate most with people your age? A7: Maybe something like: 'Your screen time isn't going away—so here's a natural way to help your eyes keep up.' It's practical, not preachy.

Q8: Finally, is there anything you wish more people understood about what it's like to be a young person dealing with eye wellness in a digital world? A8: A lot of us are aware that screens affect us, but we don't always have good options that fit into our routines. We want things that are easy, natural, and actually work.

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Interview 14

Interviews / 14

Date: December 21, 2024

Interviewee: Xiaoyu Sun (High school)

Q1: Could you tell us about when you first started wearing glasses and how that experience was for you? A1: "I got my glasses in middle school when I couldn't see the board clearly anymore. At first, I was a little self-conscious, but now they're just part of my daily life - and honestly, I think they've become part of my style!"

Q2: What are some of the biggest challenges or annoyances you face daily because of wearing glasses? A2: Oh, so many! They fog up when I wear a mask, get dirty all the time, and I'm always worried about breaking them during sports. Plus, sometimes they just feel heavy on my face after wearing them all day.

Q3: How aware are you of the connection between nutrition and eye health? Have you ever tried to adjust your diet to help your vision? A3: I know carrots are supposed to be good for your eyes, but I've never seriously changed my diet because of my vision. Honestly, I'm not sure if eating certain foods can actually reverse vision problems once you already need glasses.

Q4: If there was a natural, yeast-based supplement that could help maintain eye health and potentially slow down vision changes, would that be something you'd be interested in trying? A4: Definitely! Especially if it could help prevent my prescription from getting stronger every year. That's something I worry about - having to get thicker lenses each time I get new glasses.

Q5: What concerns might you have about consuming something made from bioengineered yeast? A5: I'd want to know it's completely safe and tested properly. Also, whether it would taste bad or be difficult to incorporate into my routine. But the idea itself doesn't scare me - it sounds like science doing something useful.

Q6: How do you think your experience with vision challenges has shaped your perspective on eye health compared to your friends who don't wear glasses? A6: I definitely think about my eye health more than they do. They take their perfect vision for granted, while I'm always aware of mine because I depend on my glasses so much. It's made me more proactive about protecting my eyes.

Q7: What would be the most important benefit you'd look for in an eye health supplement? A7: Something that could actually stabilize my vision would be amazing. But even just helping with eye strain from all the screen time we have would be valuable. My eyes get really tired after online classes.

Q8: How would you suggest we explain our project to make it appealing to other students who wear glasses? A8: Focus on how it could make life with glasses easier - maybe by reducing how often we need new prescriptions. And emphasize that it's a natural approach coming from unexpected places like yeast, which is kind of cool and innovative.

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Interview 15

Interviews / 15

Date: December 21, 2024

Interviewee: Yifei Li (Programmer)

Q1: What specific eye-related challenges have you experienced from prolonged screen time? A1: I've developed digital eye strain - dryness, occasional blurry vision, and difficulty focusing after long sessions. I've also noticed increased light sensitivity, especially when working night shifts.

Q2: Have you tried any solutions to address these issues? A2: I use blue light filtering glasses and eye drops, but the relief is temporary. I've tried the 20-20-20 rule, but it's difficult to maintain consistency during intensive coding sessions.

Q3: What's your understanding of beta-carotene's role in eye health? A3: As I understand, it's a precursor to vitamin A which supports retinal health. But I'm curious about its specific mechanism for digital eye strain - is it primarily antioxidant protection or something more?

Q4: How would the bioengineering aspect of our project influence your willingness to try such a solution? A4: The engineered yeast approach is fascinating. As someone in tech, I appreciate innovative biological solutions. I'd want to understand the metabolic engineering behind it - what modifications were made to the yeast's carotenoid pathway?

Q5: What safety data would you need to see before considering a supplement from engineered yeast? A5: I'd want full toxicological profiling, including off-target metabolite analysis. Also, how the bioavailable form compares to traditional sources. Third-party verification would be essential.

Q6: How might your technical background shape your expectations for such a product? A6: I'd expect precise dosage information and clear mechanisms of action. I'd also be interested in any potential synergistic effects with other nutrients like lutein or zeaxanthin.

Q7: What practical factors would determine whether you'd incorporate this into your routine? A7: Convenience is key - whether it's in capsule form or easily incorporable into foods. Stability data would be important too - how well the compound survives processing and storage.

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Interview 16

Interviews / 16

Date: December 21, 2024

Interviewee: Dubi Huang (Administrative assistant)

Q1: Could you describe the specific eye-related challenges you face in your administrative work? A1: The constant switching between computer screens, paper documents, and digital tablets causes significant eye fatigue. By afternoon, I experience blurred vision and headaches, especially when processing numerical data in spreadsheets.

Q2: What current solutions have you tried to address these issues? A2: I've tried anti-glare screens and adjusted my workstation lighting. Our office provides blue light glasses, but they don't completely solve the problem. I take regular breaks, but the nature of administrative work requires sustained visual attention.

Q3: How familiar are you with nutritional approaches to eye health? A3: I know about carrots being good for eyesight, but I'm unsure about practical ways to incorporate eye-healthy nutrients into my busy schedule. Most supplements are expensive and require consistent daily intake.

Q4: What would be important factors for you in considering a yeast-based nutritional solution? A4: Cost-effectiveness and convenience would be key. As an administrative assistant, I need solutions that fit into my routine without disrupting workflow. Easy administration - perhaps in food formats - would be preferable to pills.

Q5: What safety concerns might you have about bioengineered yeast products? A5: I'd want clear information about government approvals and any potential allergies. Since I handle important documents, I need to ensure anything I take won't cause unexpected side effects that might affect my work precision.

Q6: How might your workplace environment influence your interest in such products? A6: Open office lighting and air conditioning create dry conditions that worsen eye strain. Any solution that could help maintain eye moisture and reduce fatigue would significantly improve my productivity and comfort.

Q7: What evidence would you need to feel confident trying such a product? A7: Simple, clear information from reliable sources - maybe testimonials from other professionals with similar eye strain patterns. Clinical data presented in straightforward language without scientific jargon.

Q8: How could we make information about our project accessible to busy professionals like yourself? A8: Brief informational materials in break rooms or through workplace wellness programs. Short videos explaining the science simply, emphasizing practical benefits rather than technical details.

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Interview 17

Interviews / 17

Date: December 14, 2024

Interviewee: Verena Wang (Middle School)

Q1: What was it like when you first found out you needed glasses? A1: I was kind of sad. I didn't want to wear them because I thought I'd look different from my friends. Now I'm used to them, but I still don't love it.

Q2: What's the most annoying thing about wearing glasses every day? A2: They slide down when I run in PE class! And they always get fingerprints on them. Sometimes I forget where I put them and I can't see to find them!

Q3: Do you know why people say carrots are good for your eyes? Have you tried eating more of them? A3: My grandma says that! I tried eating more carrots for a while, but I don't think it helped my vision get better. I still needed stronger glasses this year.

Q4: What if you could get eye-healthy nutrients from something like a yummy snack instead of carrots? Would you try it? A4: Yeah, that would be way better than just eating carrots! Maybe like a fruit snack or something? That would be easy to remember to take.

Q5: How would you feel about eating something made from special yeast (like what makes bread rise) that's good for your eyes? A5: That sounds weird but kind of cool. As long as it doesn't taste like bread or smell weird! Would it be in a candy or something?

Q6: What would make you actually remember to take something every day for your eye health? A6: If it tasted good and I could keep it in my backpack. Maybe if my phone reminded me? Or if I could take it at lunchtime with my friends.

Q7: If you could tell eye doctors one thing about what it's like to be a kid with glasses, what would you say? A7: I'd tell them that glasses are annoying when you want to play sports or go swimming. And I wish there was a way to stop my eyes from getting worse every year.

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Interview 18

Interviews / 18

Date: December 14, 2024

Interviewee: Zoey Zhang (Primary School)

Q1: Zoey, why do you think protecting our eyes is important?
A1: I think it's important because we use our eyes every day to read and play. If my eyes get tired, I can't enjoy cartoons or drawing.

Q2: Do you know some ways to protect your eyes?
A2: Yes! I try not to look at the iPad for too long, and I eat vegetables and carrots because they are good for my eyes.

Q3: What is your favorite activity that needs healthy eyes?
A3: Reading picture books. I love colorful animals in the stories!

Q4: what do you think about eye problems in students today?
A4: Many of my classmates wear glasses because we use computers and phones too much. I think we should spend more time outdoors.

Q5: Have you heard about β-carotene?
A5: Yes, it is a nutrient that helps our body make vitamin A, which is good for vision. I think producing β-carotene is a smart idea!

Q6: What is your favorite food that has vitamin A?
A6: I like pumpkins and sweet potatoes. My mom cooks them in soup.

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Interview 19

Interviews / 19

Date: December 14, 2024

Interviewee: Changshuo Wang (PhD)

Q1: Given your academic and research background, you likely spend a lot of time on screens. What are some of the most common eye health issues you've experienced personally, such as dry eyes or eye fatigue? A1: As a PhD student, I spend a significant amount of time reading papers and analyzing data on a computer. I've definitely experienced digital eye strain, which manifests as dry eyes, fatigue, and occasional blurred vision. It's a common problem in academia, and it can be a real distraction when you're trying to focus on complex research.

Q2: From a scientific perspective, what are your thoughts on using a novel method like yeast fermentation to produce beta-carotene? How does this compare to traditional extraction methods from plants, in terms of efficiency or scalability? A2: From a scientific standpoint, using yeast fermentation to produce beta-carotene is a really interesting approach. It offers several potential advantages over traditional extraction from plants. You have a controlled environment, which can lead to higher purity and a more consistent product. Additionally, it could be more scalable and cost-effective, as you're not limited by seasonal harvests or arable land. The challenges, of course, would be optimizing the yield and ensuring the final product is safe and bioavailable.

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Interview 20

Interviews / 20

Date: December 14, 2024

Interviewee: Doris (Office worker, Human resources)

Q1: In your role in Human Resources, you deal with employee well-being. What are some of the most common complaints or issues related to eye strain and screen time that you hear from colleagues? A1: In HR, we hear about eye strain quite a lot, especially since a lot of our staff work on computers all day. The most common issues are definitely headaches, eye dryness, and general fatigue by the end of the day. People also complain about neck and shoulder pain, which is often related to poor posture when they're leaning into the screen.

Q2: From a consumer standpoint, how would you perceive a health product, like a beta-carotene supplement, that's produced using yeast instead of being extracted from carrots? Would the source matter to you? A2: Initially, the source might be a point of curiosity for me. If a supplement said 'yeast-produced,' I'd want to know more about what that means. My main concerns would be safety and effectiveness. If the company could clearly explain the process and provide evidence that the product is just as good, or even better, than a plant-based one, I would be open to it. I think transparency about the science would be key for a consumer like me.

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Interview 21

Interviews / 21

Date: December 14, 2024

Interviewee: Xuerong Fu (Researcher)

Q1: In your opinion, what is the most significant challenge in translating a biotechnological breakthrough like this from the lab to a commercially viable product? A1: The most significant hurdle is almost always scaling up production. What works in a small lab flask often faces immense challenges when you move to a large industrial bioreactor. You have to consider everything from optimizing the fermentation process and ensuring product stability to meeting regulatory requirements and achieving a competitive cost-of-goods. The science is one thing, but the engineering and logistics are a whole other challenge.

Q2: As a fellow researcher, you likely spend extensive hours on detailed work, often at a computer. How do you personally handle the physical demands on your eyes, and what methods have you found most helpful for preventing fatigue? A2: Like many researchers, my work involves long periods of screen time. I've found a few simple habits to be very effective. I try to follow the 20-20-20 rule (every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds). I also make sure my workspace is set up correctly with proper lighting and screen height. These small changes really help in preventing the worst of eye fatigue.

Q3: What's your initial reaction to the idea of using brewer's yeast to produce beta-carotene? What advantages or disadvantages do you see in this biotechnological approach compared to traditional methods? A3: As a researcher, my first reaction is that it's an innovative and sustainable idea. One of the main advantages is the ability to have a controlled, year-round production cycle, which isn't possible with agriculture. This could lead to a very consistent product. A potential disadvantage might be the cost of scaling up and the need for significant R&D to optimize the genetic engineering of the yeast. We'd also need to ensure there are no unintended byproducts in the final extract.

Q4: Beyond the benefits for eye health, what other potential applications of beta-carotene produced by yeast fermentation do you find most intriguing from a research standpoint? A4: I think the possibilities are really wide-ranging. Aside from human health supplements, this technology could be used for food coloring or fortification. You could potentially introduce beta-carotene into everyday foods in a more cost-effective way. It could also have applications in animal feed to improve the nutritional content of livestock products, or even in cosmetics as a natural antioxidant.

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1.3 Interview with Ophthalmologist Dr. Wu

Aim

To obtain a clinical evaluation from an ophthalmology expert on the feasibility of β-carotene for supporting vision health, and to identify unmet patient needs.

Why we Interviewed Dr. Wu:

  • Strong alignment between his clinical focus and our technical approach.
  • Longstanding research interest in the nutrition-eye health connection.
  • Author of the highly cited 1998 paper Vitamin A Deficiency and Childhood Keratomalacia (600+ citations).
  • Public advocate for dietary intervention in adolescent dry eye disease (2023 Eastern Ophthalmology Conference).
  • Open to innovative therapeutics: served as a reviewer for a national nanocarrier eye drop project in 2021.
Dr. Wu Naichuan

Profile: Dr. Wu Naichuan (Ophthalmologist)

Authority

  • Referred to as a “living archive” of Chinese ophthalmology.
  • Founder & Director, Shanghai Peace Eye Hospital (est. 2002; first private tertiary eye hospital in Shanghai).
  • Recipient, State Council Special Allowance (1992), one of China’s highest medical honors.
  • Former Consultant, Corneal Disease Group, Chinese Ophthalmological Society (core national body for dry eye research).

Clinical Expertise

  • Pioneer of dry eye diagnostics in China; introduced tear break-up time (TBUT) measurement in the 1980s (still the gold standard).
  • Chief editor, Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Corneal Diseases (includes vitamin A deficiency-related dry eye).

Public Health Leadership

  • Initiated the “Shanghai Primary and Secondary School Vision Health Project” in 2015, reaching 200+ schools.

Key Interview Insights

  1. Trends in Adolescent Eye Health
  • Sharp rise in adolescent cases: ~40% of patients are adolescents; among them, 15-20% have dry eye and >50% have myopia.
  • Vitamin A deficiency-related dry eye accounts for ~30% of adolescent cases, presenting as roughened corneal epithelium and TBUT < 5 seconds.
  • Main drivers: Excessive screen use and reduced outdoor activity.
  1. Common Characteristics of Adolescent Patients
  • High-intensity eye use: >8 hours/day on screens; frequent late-night device use.
  • Nutritional imbalance: 68% have picky eating habits, low dark green/orange vegetable intake → vitamin A and lutein deficiency.
  • Misconceptions: Parents often believe glasses alone address all vision issues, neglecting retinal health.
  1. Causes of Myopia & Vitamin A Deficiency Prevalence
  • Myopia: ~30% genetic, ~70% environmental (near work, lack of outdoor time).
  • Vitamin A deficiency: Present in 30-40% of adolescent dry eye patients; symptoms include night vision decline and positive corneal fluorescein staining.
  • Linked to Westernized diets (fast food) and low β-carotene absorption (< 20% without adequate dietary fat).
  1. Limitations of Traditional Vitamin A Supplementation
  • Safety risks: Excessive intake from animal liver sources can cause toxicity (headache, liver injury).
  • Low absorption: Plant-based β-carotene needs intestinal lipase for conversion; adolescents may only absorb < 20%.
  • Poor adherence: Capsules often rejected by children; long-term use required for sustained effect.
  1. Evaluation of Synthetic Biology-Based β-Carotene Production
  • Safety: Microbial fermentation eliminates pesticide residues; purity >95% (vs. ~70% for traditional extraction).
  • Precision: CRISPR-Cas9 metabolic engineering increases yield and lowers cost.
  • Clinical potential: Microencapsulation could enable slow release, prolong tear film stability, and reduce intake frequency.
  1. Recommendations for Public Education & Engagement
  • Gamified learning: Mobile game “CarroMaster” where players edit yeast genes to produce nutrients restoring “Dry Eye City.”
  • AR interactive demos: Smartphone-based animations showing carrot → β-carotene → retinal repair.
  • Social media campaigns: “24-Hour Eye Care Agent” challenge promoting daily protective habits.
Game Screenshot

2. From Insights to Innovation: Designing Our Solution with Stakeholder Feedback

What we did
  • Environmental Innovation Day
  • Participate the 2024 China Health Industry Innovation Summit & 5th “Chip Award” Ceremony
  • Interview with Prof. Shao Liming (Director, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Drug R&D, Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University)
  • Interview with Prof. Li Yijia (Shanghai Baoshan Synthetic Biology Translational Research Institute)
  • Interview with Dr. Dai Guoxiong (Deputy Director, China Primary Health Care Foundation)
  • Interview with Dr. Liu Chang (Founder of ASKhealth)
  • Interview with Dr. Shen Yanrong (Secretary-General, National Biomedicine Enterprise Platform)
Stakeholders
  • High-school students interested in science
  • Academic researchers
  • Translational medicine practitioners
  • Successful biotech entrepreneurs
  • Policy makers in health and biotechnology
Why

From the start, we aimed for our project to move beyond academic research toward real biopharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. To prepare for this transition and anticipate future risks, we engaged stakeholders across the entire pipeline—from researchers and translational scientists to successful entrepreneurs and policy experts. Their insights helped us foresee potential challenges in regulation, technology transfer, and market adoption, enabling us to better plan for risk mitigation and ensure societal relevance.

What we/others learned
  • The importance of integrating digital tools (e.g., cloud-based fermentation monitoring) to increase efficiency.
  • Stakeholder perspectives on safety, bioavailability, production cost, ESG compliance, and health benefits of β-carotene.
  • The necessity of policy support, public awareness, and sustainability metrics to ensure long-term application.
What we adapted to our project
  • We explored sustainable substrate options, such as repurpose kitchen waste oil as a yeast cultivation medium, which could support future industrialization and environmentally friendly.
  • We designed an internet-connected cloud platform and monitoring device to automate and optimize fermentation processes.
  • We broadened our future vision to include not only nutraceuticals and functional foods but also pet feed, beverages, and cosmetics, all under regulatory compliance.

2.1 NACIS Eco Day

NACIS Eco Day, organized by ECO School, a global initiative, encouraged high school students to actively explore solutions for environmental protection. As an iGEM team, we used this opportunity to connect our project with sustainability by testing kitchen waste oil as a medium for yeast cultivation. Our preliminary experiments confirmed the feasibility of this approach, offering valuable insights into enhancing the sustainability of future industrial applications. At the same time, we promoted science communication by sharing our research and collecting feedback from environmental enthusiasts through engaging interactive questionnaires (Chinese version, English version). With the support, resources, and broader audience provided by ECO School, we successfully expanded both the scientific impact and the public engagement reach of our project.

Growth of yeast cultured with different proportions of waste oil as carbon source

QR Code
Map
Posters for the iGEM Promotion Event at Nacis Eco Day
Store Front with Poster
Men in Blue Clothes
Gaming Table
Person in Crowd
Wall Posters
People and Building
Group of People
Group in Front of Building
Group Photo
Photos from the on-site interactions

2.2 2024 China Health Industry Innovation Summit & 5th “Chip Award” Ceremony

At this summit, we learned about cutting-edge projects, such as the “Internet Hospital + Nursing Home” model by Shanghai Renji Hospital, which integrates digital healthcare and elderly care. This inspired us to consider applying internet-based cloud technologies to monitor and optimize our fermentation process.

During the evening gala, we performed the theme song “When We ESG”, expressing our team’s commitment to public health, green economy, ESG principles, and sustainable development. Our performance earned us a public service certificate, symbolizing our dedication to linking biotechnology with social responsibility.

People in Room
Conference Room
WechatIMG188
Dining Together
WechatIMG194
Formal Meeting
Students sang “When We ESG” on the QIPU Charity Night and took group pictures

2.3 Interview with diverse experts

From the earliest stages of project design, we prioritized expert input to ensure that our work would be scientifically sound, socially relevant, and practically applicable. We interviewed specialists from five key domains:

  • Drug R&D and Translational Medicine
  • Industrial Biotechnology and Green Chemistry
  • Public Health and Policy
  • Biotech Entrepreneurship and Commercialization
  • ESG and Sustainable Biomanufacturing

Introduction

Prof. Shao Liming

Prof. Shao Liming is the Director of the Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Drug R&D, Department of Pharmacy at Fudan University. His research focuses on drug discovery, pharmacology, and translational medicine, making him a valuable expert on bridging basic science with clinical application.

Prof. Li Yijia

Prof. Li Yijia is a leading researcher at the Shanghai Baoshan Synthetic Biology Translational Research Institute, specializing in industrial biotechnology and green chemistry. His expertise lies in scaling synthetic biology solutions for sustainable production.

Dr. Dai Guoxiong

Dr. Dai Guoxiong is the Deputy Director of the China Primary Health Care Foundation. His work centers on public health, preventive care, and health policy, making him an important stakeholder in evaluating the societal value of nutraceuticals.

Dr. Liu Chang

Dr. Liu Chang is the founder of ASKhealth and a successful biotech entrepreneur. With deep experience in healthcare innovation and startup incubation, he bridges the gap between academic research and commercial applications.

Dr. Shen Yanrong

Dr. Shen Yanrong serves as the Secretary-General of the National Biomedicine Enterprise Platform. She works extensively on ESG (Environmental, Social, Governance) evaluation and sustainable biomanufacturing strategies for biotech enterprises.

These discussions provided valuable perspectives on safety, scalability, public health significance, commercialization, and sustainability, shaping both the technical and social dimensions of our project.

Integrated Insights & Key Takeaways

Across all consultations, several themes consistently emerged:

Safety and Regulation

Experts urged us to address safety, quality control, and compliance from the earliest stages to facilitate future nutraceutical or pharmaceutical applications.

Scalability and Cost

Industrial experts stressed that success depends on demonstrating advantages in cost, scalability, and environmental footprint over traditional production methods.

Public Health Impact

β-carotene supplementation can significantly reduce vitamin A deficiency-related conditions, emphasizing the societal value of our approach.

Commercial Viability

Our design must balance scientific rigor with market demand, affordability, and diverse application scenarios to attract investment and consumer acceptance.

Sustainability and ESG

Incorporating green manufacturing principles and transparent ESG practices is essential for long-term industry alignment and social responsibility.

Sustainability and ESG

Incorporating green manufacturing principles and transparent ESG practices is essential for long-term industry alignment and social responsibility.

These insights collectively shaped our technical strategy, outreach plans, and long-term vision, ensuring that our project integrates innovation with real-world impact.

WechatIMG190
Interview Image
Interview with Prof. Shaoming
Interview with Prof. Li Yijia (1st image)
Interview with Prof. Li Yijia (2nd image)
Interview with Prof. Li Yijia (3rd image)
Interview with Prof. Li Yijia
Interview with Dr. Dai Guoxiong
Interview with Dr. Dai Guoxiong
Interview with Dr. Liu Chang
Interview with Dr. Liu Chang
Interview with Dr. Liu Chang
Interview with Dr. Shen Yanrong
Interview with Dr. Shen Yanrong

3. Iterative Development: Refining the System through Continuous Feedback Loops

What we did
  • Visit Shanghai Huamao Pharma
  • Interview with Dr. Zhang Li (QiKe50 Health Innovation Club, Shanghai)
  • Interview with Prof. Chen Xianzhong (Jiangnan University, microbiology, multiple interview)
  • Interview with Dr. Xia Yuanyuan (Jiangnan University, microbiology)
  • Online meeting with Technical Expert, NetEase (Game Development)
Stakeholders
  • Competing companies (chemical synthesis producers)
  • Academic researchers (technical advisors)
  • Programmers (game development consultants)
Why

Before conducting experiments, we visited chemical companies to understand the differences and challenges between chemical and biological β-carotene synthesis. We wanted to confirm whether biotechnological methods truly offer advantages.

During our project, three key feedback loops guided our development:

Chassis selection - We were initially uncertain which microorganism to use. Expert advice helped us finalize Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) as the production host. Gene editing - Collaborating with Dr. Xia, we applied her lab’s CRISPR-Cas9 editing system to successfully introduce the required biosynthetic genes into yeast. Yield improvement - Facing production bottlenecks, we consulted Prof. Chen, who suggested compartmentalization strategies. This led us to design a lipid droplet localization system, significantly boosting β-carotene yield.

Meanwhile, our teammates working on the accompanying game development and device design also engaged with NetEase technical experts to give feedback and suggestions for our challenges.

What we/others learned
  • Gained insights into chemical β-carotene synthesis, including regulatory requirements and safety assessments.
  • It is confirmed that biological synthesis offers market potential and environmental advantages but also carries risks such as metabolic instability.
  • Learned advanced strategies such as cellular compartmentalization for enhancing yields.
  • Professional feedback highlighted the importance of a coherent core gameplay loop, meaningful puzzles, and thematic consistency for both engagement and learning.
What we adapted to our project
  • Selected yeast (S. cerevisiae) as the chassis organism.
  • Successfully applied CRISPR-Cas9 editing (Dr. Xia’s system) to express carRP and carB genes for de novo β-carotene biosynthesis.
  • Implemented compartmentalization (lipid droplet targeting) to enhance productivity.
  • We refined our game by focusing on core gameplay, aligning puzzles with synthetic biology concepts, removing unrelated elements, and improving visual and interactive feedback.

3.1 Interview with Shanghai Huamao Pharma

Date: 14/04/2025

AIM

To understand mainstream chemical synthesis methods of β-carotene and compare with biological synthesis.

Summary

We interviewed Wei Zhe, General Manager of Shanghai Huamao Pharma, a chemical company engaged in biotechnology. Huamao provided insights into the Wittig reaction route, its advantages (cost efficiency) and drawbacks (TPPO pollution, VOC emissions). They emphasized that biotechnological production could reduce hazardous waste. The discussion also covered regulatory hurdles for new ingredients and highlighted the potential environmental advantages of microbial synthesis.

Group in Front of Building
Meeting at Table
Person with Water Bottles
Team in Yellow Shirts
Team in Yellow Shirts
Interviewed with Wei Zhe, General Manager of Shanghai Huamao Pharma

Interviewees: David, Rachel, Abi, Hugo, Jerry

Key Interview Record

Q1: What are the mainstream chemical synthesis methods for β-carotene production?
A1: Currently, the most widely used and industrially dominant route is the C15 + C10 + C15 Wittig reaction, followed by the C20 + C20 oxidative coupling method.

Q2: What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Wittig reaction method?
A2: The Wittig reaction uses β-ionone (C15) and C10 dialdehyde as starting materials, which avoids the high cost and instability of vitamin A derivatives (C20) and reduces resource waste. However, this process inevitably generates triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), a persistent pollutant that requires additional treatment such as adsorption or incineration. Moreover, large volumes of solvents such as dichloromethane (DCM) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are required, both of which are volatile and partly toxic, contributing to VOC emissions and reducing environmental sustainability.

Q3: Are there any greener alternatives or directions for improvement in chemical synthesis?
A3: Microbial fermentation offers a promising alternative for β-carotene production, as it minimizes the generation of organic solvent waste and provides a more sustainable approach.

Q4: For β-carotene used in food or cosmetic products targeted at adolescents, what key data are required for new ingredient registration in China? Could you share your company’s experience in safety evaluation?
A4: There are two possible cases. If the ingredient is already listed in the permitted catalogue, no new registration is required. However, if the ingredient is not listed, the process becomes much more complex. The registration itself may take around six months, followed by multiple rounds of review and expert evaluation, with the entire approval process lasting two to three years. Generally, only large companies are capable of completing such a process. Once approved, however, it allows the company to shape industry standards in that field, which carries great commercial and market value.

Q5: Based on your earlier comments, are the wastewater and residues from microbial synthesis relatively easier to treat compared to those from chemical synthesis? Would accidental release of microbial by-products pose fewer environmental risks?
A5: This depends on the specific case. Microbial synthesis typically uses raw materials derived from plants, which are generally more environmentally friendly. In contrast, chemical synthesis often relies on petroleum-derived products, many of which are toxic and resistant to natural degradation. Waste from microbial processes can usually be decomposed by microorganisms in treatment systems, whereas chemical synthesis waste may inhibit or even kill these microorganisms. Therefore, chemical waste requires pretreatment steps such as neutralization and removal of toxic compounds before entering treatment facilities. Overall, microbial synthesis waste is easier to handle and less environmentally harmful, though untreated residues could still cause issues such as eutrophication.

Q6: What are the mainstream production approaches for β-carotene at present?
A6: There are two major approaches: chemical synthesis and microbial synthesis. Chemical synthesis is a mature technology with stable but limited growth potential and relatively fixed pricing. Microbial synthesis, by contrast, is still developing but offers higher sustainability, greater market flexibility, and stronger long-term growth prospects.

Q7: What potential by-products can be derived from microbial fermentation processes?
A7: This depends on the composition of the fermentation broth and whether it contains compounds of value. Some components of the culture medium and fermentation wastewater may be further extracted and processed. In certain industrial settings, microbial biomass after fermentation can be repurposed as fertilizer. However, in the context of our project and competition, such applications are unlikely to be feasible.

3.2 Dr. Zhang Li (QiKe50 Health Innovation Club, Shanghai)

Date: 23/05/2025

AIM

To evaluate the industrial potential and technical challenges of microbial β-carotene production, and to guide chassis selection for efficient, scalable synthesis.

Summary

Microbial β-carotene production is a sustainable alternative to chemical synthesis but faces challenges such as strain instability and product degradation. Choosing the right host organism is critical for achieving high yield and industrial feasibility.

Key Points:

Sustainability & Market Potential: Microbial fermentation uses renewable substrates and avoids toxic chemical residues, producing a natural mix of β-carotene isomers with higher bioavailability.

Technical Challenges: Strain degeneration can reduce yield by 35-40% in serial cultures, and β-carotene is sensitive to oxygen and light, causing degradation during fermentation.

Chassis Selection: Hosts should have compatible metabolic pathways for IPP/DMAPP precursors, be genetically tractable (CRISPR, multi-gene systems), and perform well in large-scale fermentation.

Potential Hosts: Commonly used organisms include S. cerevisiae, E. coli, and Y. lipolytica, while unconventional hosts may offer novel advantages for yield or efficiency.

3.3 Interview with Prof. Chen Xianzhong (Jiangnan University, microbiology)

Date: 07/07/2025

AIM

Open discussion about Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host for β-carotene production and discuss strategies for introducing and optimizing pathway genes.

Summary

Prof. Chen confirmed the strong potential of yeast as an industrial chassis due to its tolerance, scalability, and substrate versatility. He emphasized the necessity of codon optimization when introducing heterologous genes and suggested parallel testing of multiple yeast strains before final selection.

Key Points:

Industrial suitability of yeast: Compared with E. coli, yeast has higher stress tolerance, can grow under industrial conditions, and achieves better production yields. In addition, certain yeast species are capable of utilizing low-cost substrates such as lignocellulosic hydrolysates and waste oil, making them economically attractive.

Genetic engineering considerations: β-carotene biosynthesis requires several heterologous enzymes starting from GGPP. When introducing these enzymes, codon optimization for S. cerevisiae is critical, since inefficient expression caused by codon bias may significantly lower production. Thus, metabolic pathway design must combine enzyme choice with host-specific optimization.

Experimental strategy: Rather than committing to one strain prematurely, it is advisable to test several yeast strains in parallel. By comparing tolerance, yield, and substrate utilization, the most suitable strain can be identified for industrial application.

Ensuring genetic stability:
Another key challenge lies in the long-term stability of engineered strains. Plasmid-based systems, though convenient, often face DNA loss or recombination over successive generations, which leads to sharp drops in production consistency. Prof. Chen recommended stable genomic integration of pathway genes into well-characterized loci, minimizing recombination risks while maintaining cell viability. He also suggested routine monitoring of colonies and selective passaging of the most productive strains as essential practices to preserve engineered performance during extended cultivation.

3.4 Interview with Dr. Xia Yuanyuan (Jiangnan University, microbiology)

Date: 15/07/2025
Person with Accessories

Dr. Xia Yuanyuan
(Jiangnan University, microbiology)

AIM

To obtain technical support in gene editing of yeast.

Summary

Dr. Xia introduced her lab’s CRISPR-Cas9 editing system, which integrates genes directly into the yeast genome (instead of plasmid-based expression). She also recommended using auxotrophic strains for safety and screening purposes.

3.5 Interview with Shanghai Huamao Pharma

Date: 10/08/2025

Summary

We interviewed Wei Zhe, General Manager of Shanghai Huamao Pharma, and shared preliminary experimental results with the company. They pointed out that our current β-carotene yield still falls significantly short of the requirements for industrial production, and further enhancements in yield are necessary.

Key Points

Q1: We are currently using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host for the de novo synthesis of β-carotene. The shake-flask yield has reached approximately 50 mg/L. Do you think this has commercial potential?

A1: From an industrial production perspective, this yield is still too low. Compared to chemical synthesis methods, the cost would be significantly higher. The yield must reach at least the gram-per-liter scale before it becomes viable for industrial applications.

3.6 Interview with Prof. Chen Xianzhong

Date: 12/08/2025
Interview with Prof. Chen Xianzhong
Interview with Prof. Chen Xianzhong

AIM

Intensive discussions about strategies for increasing β-carotene yield in yeast.

Summary

β-carotene is a fat-soluble vitamin. Preliminary experiments have confirmed that it does impact the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and exhibits certain cytotoxicity. Based on literature research, we found that a cellular compartmentalization strategy could help alleviate this issue. Our candidate organelles included peroxisomes and lipid droplets. After consulting with Prof. Chen, we ultimately selected lipid droplets as the target for compartmentalized expression. Prof. Chen also shared potential lipid droplet-targeting signal peptides identified by their team. This discussion greatly facilitated the progress of our project. He also elaborated on genetic stability, codon optimization, and fermentation process optimization as critical success factors for industrial viability.

Interviewers: James, Peiyang, Rita, David, Damien

Key Points

Cellular compartmentalization as a production strategy

Prof. Chen emphasized that because β-carotene is highly lipophilic, its accumulation in the cytoplasm can harm host cell physiology and reduce production efficiency. Directing biosynthesis into subcellular compartments such as lipid droplets provides a dual advantage: it protects the host from product toxicity while also creating a natural reservoir that increases storage capacity. This type of spatial engineering reduces metabolic stress and provides a more favorable microenvironment, ultimately resulting in higher yields.

Host selection and enzyme optimization

While Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely recognized as a strong industrial host due to its robustness, scalability, and broad substrate utilization, it does not naturally produce β-carotene, making pathway reconstruction essential. Prof. Chen pointed out that this reconstruction requires careful choice of external enzymes, ideally screened from different species for high activity. Beyond selection, these enzymes must undergo codon optimization to ensure strong expression within the yeast’s genetic background. Only with such optimization can the pathway flux be efficiently directed toward β-carotene biosynthesis.

selection of droplet-targeting signal peptides

The key to lipid droplet targeting lies in identifying suitable lipid droplet-targeting signal peptides (LDSPs). This can be achieved by screening the host genome or genomes of closely related species for enzymes that naturally localize to lipid droplets. The localization efficiency of candidate signal peptides can then be validated by fusing them with a fluorescent protein. Functional signal peptides are subsequently fused to the target enzyme, and finally, the production yield is tested to evaluate potential improvement.

From lab design to industrial application

Prof. Chen underscored that industrialization requires a broader view than genetic construction alone. To move from proof-of-concept to scalable production, researchers must balance pathway design with optimized fermentation parameters and metabolic flux regulation. Importantly, he argued that microbial production will only achieve market relevance if its yield and cost-efficiency approach or surpass those of chemical synthesis. Beyond economics, the environmental benefits are substantial: microbial fermentation eliminates reliance on petrochemicals, reduces toxic by-products, and supports global carbon neutrality initiatives, making it a sustainable alternative aligned with future green manufacturing goals.

3.7 NACIS Shanghai iGEM Team × NetEase games Technical Support

Date: 03/08/2025

Meeting Objective:
To discuss our team’s initial attempt to gamify synthetic biology education through an interactive game, review its current design, and explore improvements in gameplay, educational value, and practical implementation.

Based on professional advice, we have updated our demo. See Education-Roblox game (Link to Education-Roblox game). Besides, NetEase sponsored our team’s merchandise for the iGEM Shanghai Regional Meeting.

(1) Overview

The iGEM team developed a demo game to make synthetic biology concepts more engaging for young audiences. The game aims to combine entertainment and scientific knowledge, allowing players to enjoy the gaming experience while learning core biology principles. However, we do feel it difficult to optimize the game, therefore, we seek for professional advice from NetEase games. Note: The interviewed expert requested anonymity; therefore, we have not disclosed any names or photographs in this part.

(2) Key Discussion Points & Feedback

A. Gameplay Design (Fun & Engagement)

  • What drives sustained engagement for teens?
    • Establish clear goals and meaningful objectives.
    • Maintain an enjoyable process with proper pacing to avoid boring “dead moments.”
  • Social Features & Fun Factor:
    • Current demo shows creative thinking and effort in using a trendy tool (Roblox) for content expression.
    • However, from a game-design perspective, completion level is low; some game elements are unrelated to the theme, creating noise.
    • Recommendation: Focus on coherence of core game loop and minimize unrelated elements.

B. Educational Value (Knowledge Integration)

  • How deep should the knowledge be embedded?
    • Maintain a strong core narrative (main trunk) aligned with synthetic biology concepts.
    • Decide if victory conditions are challenge-based or narrative-driven.
    • Advanced expressions like hidden fragments or philosophical depth can come later, but first secure the core learning pathway.

C. Practical Concerns

  • What should be the main focus given current skills/resources?
    • Choose between gameplay or story—focus on gameplay first.
    • Visual style should reflect personality and theme consistency, rather than high-end specs.
  • Future promotion strategy:
    • Clarify the primary goal: Competition entry > Personal/School portfolio > Commercialization.
    • Avoid rushing to social platforms unless the game achieves very high polish or unique creativity.
    • Safer options: school exhibitions, institution showcases, personal portfolios.

(3) Evaluation & Recommendations

  • Strengths:
    • Ambitious and innovative attempt by high school students.
    • Demonstrates technical ability to use a modern tool (Roblox) for interactive education.
    • Contains thoughtful design elements and creative exploration.
  • Challenges:
    • Low overall game completeness.
    • Dispersed core knowledge delivery; some unrelated elements cause thematic inconsistency.
  • Suggestions for Improvement:
    • Strengthen core puzzle design: puzzles should be meaningful, engaging, and connected to the biology theme.
    • Ensure game environment matches the theme and avoids irrelevant components.
    • Add feedback mechanisms for correct/incorrect answers (visual/audio/emotional response).
    • Decide main design direction (challenge-based vs story-driven) and build around that.
  • Design Reference Examples:
    • Overcooked (recipe-based tasks → lab experiments).
Game Screenshot
  • Shawarma Legend (customer requests → experimental goals).
Game with Characters

(4) Conclusion

  • The project shows strong potential if development stays focused on its core objectives.
  • Refine the core gameplay loop and make all puzzles strongly relevant to synthetic biology concepts.
  • Define the main design goal: prioritize educational depth or form innovation.
  • Align visual style to create a cohesive and appealing overall look.
  • Prepare a polished demo for the iGEM competition before considering any public release.
Person Smiling

Online meeting with NetEase expert.

Team with Yellow Flag

NetEase sponsored our team's merchandise for the iGEM Shanghai Regional Meeting.

4. From Lab to Life: Exploring Commercial Potential and Social Impact

What we did
  • Interview with Lawyer Wei (Shanghai Association Of Food And Drug Safety)
  • Live-stream session with “Bettie” founder of HafHaf Youth Skincare Brand
  • Livestream with “A Brother”: Youth Entrepreneurship and Market Adoption
  • Shanghai iGEMers Meetup
  • Live-stream session with South China University of Technology iGEM team & Release personal care prototype online
  • Communicate with earliest state investor
  • Offline personal care prototype (POCO) promotion
Stakeholders
  • Lawyer (regulations)
  • Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) in adolescent skincare and cosmetics
  • Online audience interested in science-based personal care products
  • Investors
Why
  • To identify feasible commercialization strategies for our project while staying compliant with regulatory standards.
  • To build early awareness, gather consumer insights, and cultivate a target audience for upcoming products.
  • To test audience interest and integrate entrepreneurial guidance into our Phase 1-Phase 2 strategy.
  • To better understand what attracts investors
What we/others learned
  • The approval process for drugs and health supplements is long and complex, whereas cosmetics have a comparatively faster and simpler pathway. Marketing materials must avoid exaggerated claims to prevent classification as quasi-pharmaceuticals.
  • Collaborating with certified contract manufacturers is crucial to ensure product compliance and successful filing.
  • Scientific education is an effective, compliant approach to raise awareness of health-related benefits without making explicit therapeutic claims.
  • Engaging KOLs in adolescent cosmetics provides both credibility and access to a target demographic, supporting early-stage brand recognition.
  • Market Entry Must Be Youth-Centric: Products targeting students need subtle “pseudo-makeup” effects and attractive packaging to encourage first-time use.
  • Sustainability Requires Partnership: Achieving financial balance depends on securing a main funding partner and integrating supplier advantages.
What we adapted to our project (MARKET/ENDUSER)
  • After consultation with Lawyer Wei, we shifted the focus of future commercialization efforts toward cosmetic products rather than functional food or supplements, due to simpler approval processes and shorter timelines.
  • Our marketing and communication strategies emphasize scientific education and awareness rather than direct health claims, ensuring compliance.
  • Early engagement with KOLs informs product design, messaging, and promotional approaches for both Phase 1 “pseudo-makeup” products and Phase 2 eye-health supplements.
  • We shifted more effort toward fan base building and packaging design in Phase 1 products, supported by the development of our first carotene lipstick prototype, to ensure adoption among student users.

4.1 Interview with Lawyer Wei (Shanghai Association Of Food And Drug Safety)

Date: 06/2025

Aim

The aim of this interview was to clarify the regulatory pathways, compliance requirements, and marketing restrictions for introducing microbially synthesized β-carotene into food and cosmetic products in China, providing direction for the project’s commercialization strategy.

Summary

This interview explored the approval processes, licensing needs, labeling rules, production arrangements, and communication constraints surrounding microbially synthesized β-carotene in China. It highlighted the importance of demonstrating compositional equivalence with natural β-carotene, working through licensed contract manufacturers, adhering to dosage limits in food applications, and respecting the line between scientific education and prohibited health claims. These insights will guide both product development and market positioning.

Key Points

Regulatory approval and classification

Lawyer Wei explained that microbially synthesized β-carotene could potentially be approved as a “new food raw material” in China, provided that its molecular composition is shown to be identical to naturally derived β-carotene. This requires detailed analytical data and a description of the biosynthetic process. For cosmetics, the approval pathway is simpler, since β-carotene is already listed as a permitted colorant in the official cosmetic catalog. Applications such as lipstick fall under the category of “ordinary cosmetics,” which can be submitted through a record-filing system that typically takes around six months. However, filings must be carried out by licensed contract manufacturers rather than research teams themselves.

Food-use standards and limitations

Current regulations permit synthetic β-carotene (INS 160a) as a food colorant, but with strict restrictions. It is not allowed in infant food products (according to GB 10765) and has defined maximum usage levels, such as ≤0.6 g/kg in beverages. Importantly, if the ingredient is microbially synthesized, the label must clearly indicate its microbial origin. While the approval process for food and cosmetics is broadly similar—requiring licensing and compliance testing—food applications are subject to greater scrutiny, particularly when associated with health-related claims.

Constraints on product claims and marketing

The interview highlighted the strict prohibition of functional or therapeutic claims. Although β-carotene is a vitamin A precursor, packaging cannot directly state claims such as “maintains normal vision” or “treats dry eye,” as these would classify the product as a health food or quasi-pharmaceutical requiring extensive clinical validation. Instead, companies can take an indirect approach by emphasizing scientific education. For example, brochures or marketing materials may explain the general biological role of carotenoids in eye health without directly linking the claim to the product. This method raises consumer awareness while remaining compliant.

Gray areas in user-generated content

A nuanced issue is how companies handle consumer reviews. If users voluntarily post positive feedback—such as reporting that a gummy product “relieved eye dryness”—this is acceptable so long as the company has no financial or promotional involvement. However, if such comments are amplified through influencer partnerships, sponsored traffic, or other paid channels, regulators may interpret them as brand claims, holding the company liable for promoting unauthorized medical effects. Maintaining a clear separation between authentic consumer expression and sponsored marketing is therefore critical.

Overall Impact

The interview offered essential guidance for the project’s commercialization strategy. On the production side, it underscored the need to collaborate with certified contract manufacturers and accredited laboratories to ensure regulatory approval and compositional validation. On the marketing side, it clarified that communication strategies must rely on scientific education and awareness-building rather than direct claims of medical or functional benefits. Together, these insights will shape the project’s regulatory preparation, production planning, and consumer communication framework.

Motion Gaming
Meeting at Table
Group Photo
Interviewed with Lawyer Wei

4.2 Livestream: 2025 iGEM Project × “Bettie”

“Bettie”:Founder of HafHaf Youth Skincare Brand (Sales > ¥100M)

AIM

We introduced our 2025 iGEM project in a live-stream session on the GenZEC platform. This activity serves as a strategic step to build early awareness and cultivate an engaged audience for our upcoming products.

SUMMARY / KEY POINTS

Live-Stream Activity:

  • Our team presented the 2025 iGEM project to an online audience, sharing our technical innovations and product concepts.
  • The session allowed real-time interaction with viewers and mentors, gathering feedback and insights.

Audience & Influencer Engagement:

  • The participating Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) and mentors have established success in the adolescent cosmetic and personal care market.
  • Their endorsement and engagement help us reach our target demographic and generate early interest.

Strategic Purpose:

  • The live-stream serves as a pre-marketing phase, cultivating a base of youth consumers who recognize and trust our brand.
  • Insights from the session guide the design, messaging, and launch strategy for both Phase 1 “pseudo-makeup” products and Phase 2 eye-health supplements.

RECORD / ACTION ITEMS

  • Leverage Key Opinion Leader feedback to refine product-market fit.
  • Track engagement and audience growth metrics from the live session.
  • Continue building relationships with participating influencers to maximize exposure for upcoming product launches.
Website Interface

4.3 Livestream with "A Brother": Youth Entrepreneurship and Market Adoption

Date: 05/07/2025

A Brother: A Brother is one of the driving forces behind the FARMTOPIA project, which won the Silver Award at the 2022-2023 CTB Global Innovation Forum. Under his leadership, the project has successfully achieved mass production and business model validation, excelling in environmental sustainability, farmer support, and high-quality agricultural products.

ABCD Mother: As a self-media creator, her creative content is mainly about parents and children, focusing on youth products. She has a strong fan base, with 10.424 million followers on Tik Tok, 1,268 works published on Tik Tok (China mainland), and 370 million likes.

Aim

The aim of this livestream was to present the latest project updates (including carotene lipstick prototypes and the two-wave product strategy) to “A Brother”, “ABCD Mother”, and the online audience, while also discussing practical challenges in youth entrepreneurship such as consumer adoption, sustainable financial planning, and opportunity recognition.

Summary

In this session, our team:

  • Introduced the progress made after previous discussions with ABCD Mother and Bettie, showcasing the carotene lipstick prototype.
  • Explained the two-wave promotion model: (1) pseudo-makeup products for awareness-building and (2) eye-care functional products for long-term health benefits.
  • Engaged A Brother in a focused discussion on entrepreneurship, covering:
    • How to persuade users to try new products.
    • How to balance product pricing, company profit, and R&D investment.
    • How to discover entrepreneurial opportunities in daily life.
Website Interface
Indoor Meeting Room
Children Playing
Kitchen Setup

4.4 Shanghai iGEMers Meetup

Date: 23/08/2025

On August 23rd, our team successfully hosted the Shanghai iGEM Regional Meeting, bringing together multiple iGEM teams for collaboration and knowledge sharing.

The session began with iGEM Ambassador (Xiaohan Zhang) introducing important competition guidelines and key considerations for teams. Following this, each team presented their projects through posters and PowerPoint presentations, facilitating active discussion and feedback.

Participating Teams

  1. NACIS Shanghai
  2. Jilin University
  3. South China University of Technology
  4. South China Agricultural University
  5. Tongji University
  6. Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University

Highlights & Key Takeaways

  • Knowledge Exchange:
    Teams showcased their project progress, received constructive feedback, and discussed potential improvements.
    • Example: The Ambassador suggested that we adjust the visual representation of our parts in the PPT to comply with iGEM standards. We promptly implemented these changes.
    • Other teams proposed testing alternative promoters to evaluate their effect on production efficiency. While time constraints prevent experimental verification at this stage, this idea may inspire future promoter screening to enhance yield in our project.
  • Hardware Feedback:
    The iGEM Ambassador was impressed by our image-based carotene detector, praising its practicality. After confirming that our approach uses color data from standard photographs rather than complex infrared spectroscopy, he highlighted key advantages:
    • Simple and cost-effective process
    • Affordable for widespread application
    • High potential for real-world implementation

Event Impact

This meetup provided an excellent platform for mutual learning, peer feedback, and future collaboration opportunities. It not only strengthened the bond between Shanghai teams and other universities but also helped us identify areas to refine in both technical design and presentation quality.

Person in Chair

Profile: iGEM Ambassador Xiaohan Zhang

Presentation
Xiaohan Zhang is sharing his slides about suggestions to iGEM teams.
Discussion session.
Discussion at Table
Group Discussion
Xiaohan Zhang is sharing his slides about suggestions to iGEM teams.

4.5 Live-stream session with South China University of Technology iGEM team & Release personal care prototype online

We invited the South China University of Technology iGEM team to share their project and discuss commercialization strategies with the audience. During this second follow-up live-stream, we also showcased our personal care module prototype online.

Robot Poster

Live-stream session Poster

Phone Screenshot

Live-stream session

4.6 Interview with earliest state investor

We also consulted several successful early-stage investors to gather their insights on our project, asking what factors they value most in an investment and what types of projects are most likely to attract their support.

Feedback from early-stage investors in the field of Big Health:

POCO presents a truly innovative and smart approach to a criticalhealth challenge. Your ‘cosmetics first, supplements follow’ strategy isbrilliant-it’s a fantastic way to build a brand and generate revenuewhile navigating regulatory timelines. You’re not just selling a product;you’re building a culture, and that is where lasting brands are born. Avery compelling and exciting vision!

---------- The interviewee’s identity has been anonymized for privacy.

The project direction is very promising. In China, eye conditions such as myopia, dry eye, and night blindness are quite common among children, and strengthening eye nutrition is an important issue. Approaches such as incorporating nutrients into daily diets through food additives or other creative ideas, or encouraging children to consume them regularly and enjoyably, represent a strong angle. POCO’s concepts—such as carotene-based personal care products, straws, and snacks—target the ‘fun-seeking’ lifestyle and consumption habits of young people, making eye care something playful and cool. This is a valuable attempt with strong market potential, and we look forward to seeing the product’s further development!

----------Gaoyi, Early-stage investors
Professional Man in Suit

Donald Gao
Early-stage investors

4.7 Offline personal care prototype (POCO) promotion

September marks the start of the school year, so we organized a back-to-school event. With the school’s permission, our team promoted our product prototype on campus to raise awareness of vision health among students and gather their feedback on the prototype.

Something to expect: We will update and present our final product prototype during the onsite exhibition.

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POCO Promotion Event
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