1. Online Public Research

Summary

Our survey collected 574 responses from diverse backgrounds, primarily adolescents (≤18 years, 37.28%) and young adults (18–29 years, 20.73%). More than half of the respondents were students (55.05%), among whom high school students accounted for the majority (58.86%), and the majority held a bachelor's degree (48.45%) or a master's degree or above (26.36%). Findings reveal significant gaps in public awareness of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cautious optimism toward probiotics and gene-engineered therapies. Respondents are more inclined towards capsule and oral liquid dosage forms, but they are open to food-based delivery methods (such as popping boba), prioritizing product safety and reliability. These insights guide our engineered microbiotics sugar control project, providing references for precision health education, product form selection, evidence-based trust building, and affordable pricing strategies to enhance public acceptance and impact.

Purpose

At the early stage of the project, we recognized the need to understand public awareness of T2D and its prevention and treatment, and gather diverse perspectives. To accurately grasp the public's expectations and demands for blood sugar control products, we conducted an online questionnaire survey throughout the society, collecting evidence-based insights, aiming to provide empirical support for project design and enhance social responsiveness.

Gains

Based on 574 valid questionnaires, we systematically analyzed the public's understanding and acceptance of the pathogenic factors, treatment methods, and engineered bacteria therapy for type 2 diabetes. The main findings are as follows:

1. Significant knowledge gaps

Only 2.44% of respondents have diabetes, but 36.59% know affected family or friends, reflecting its broad social impact. The public's understanding of the causes of the disease shows a clear hierarchy: the vast majority (over 85%) recognize unhealthy diet (88.5%) and obesity (81.36%) as the main risks, but have insufficient knowledge of secondary factors such as age (40.24%), viral infection (27.18%), and lack of sleep (12.54%).

2. Knowledge limited to conventional treatments, emerging therapies less understood

The vast majority of respondents (75% - 88%) recognized the importance of lifestyle intervention. Approximately 60% were familiar with traditional drug treatments (insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs), but only 23% were aware of probiotic therapy. Nearly 5% had no basic understanding of treatment methods, indicating a significant lack of public education on emerging therapies.

3. Cautious optimism for probiotics and genetic engineering

54.88% of the respondents have a positive view of probiotics, 36.59% hold a neutral attitude, and 7.14% are unaware. 76.48% recognize the positive role of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as an important component of the intestinal flora, but cognitive biases persist. For genetic engineering, 43.2% are positive, 40.77% neutral, and 11.85% unaware, underscoring the need for accessible science communication.

4. Diverse preferences for dosage forms, with safety and reliability being the primary concerns

Capsules (50.7%) and oral liquids (45.52%) are most preferred, with food-based forms like yogurt (33.8%) and popping boba (25.61%) showing potential. Consumers' main concerns were mainly focused on safety (61.15% worried about side effects, 17.6% concerned about pathogenicity, 24.91% considered environmental impact) and reliability (24.91% questioned efficacy, 22.3% valued professional certification, 23.34% focused on price accessibility).

5. Trust via authority and evidence

Government regulatory approval (84.32%) is the top trust factor, followed by clinical data (58.54%) and patient community feedback (47.21%). Academic endorsements (44.95%) and expert recommendations (29.09%) also have a significant influence, while corporate promotion (13.41%) has minimal impact.

Implementation

Based on these findings, we propose the following optimization actions for the project:

1. Deepen understanding of genetic engineering and biosynthetic technologies

First, build a solid knowledge base by thoroughly studying genetic engineering and biosynthetic technologies, exploring the feasibility of developing glucose-control products.

2. Explore suitable product forms that balance acceptability and user experience

Prioritize the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms such as capsules and oral liquids, while actively exploring the application potential of food-based formats (e.g., yogurt, popping boba). Product design will prioritize safety, convenience, and taste to meet the preferences and usage scenarios of diverse user groups.

3. Strengthen science education to address knowledge gaps

To address the public's limited understanding of secondary pathogenic factors, probiotic therapies, and the principles of genetic engineering, we will develop easy-to-understand, diverse educational content. This will be disseminated through multiple channels, including online and offline school courses and community outreach, to enhance public scientific literacy.

4. Precisely target glucose-control genes

To meet potential customers' requirements for efficacy, we will focus on key genes effective for glucose control and metabolism. By targeting these critical genes, we aim to maximize the glucose-lowering effect.

5. Enhance safety with an "off-switch" mechanism in E. coli

Recognizing public concerns about biosafety, we plan to integrate an "off-switch" mechanism into the live E. coli. This feature is designed to mitigate pathogenicity and environmental safety risks.

Outlook

1. Strengthen expert collaboration

To further enhance our understanding of type 2 diabetes, we plan to strengthen interactions with domain experts. Through systematic exchanges, we aim to grasp cutting-edge advancements and existing solutions, ensuring our project design is scientifically sound and aligned with practical needs.

2. Promote public education

We intend to launch an educational initiative focused on the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and synthetic biology. The goal is to enhance public awareness and acceptance. Implementation will emphasize making content accessible, adopting innovative formats, and continuously optimizing communication strategies based on pilot assessments.

3. Selection of target genes and a kill switch

Through in-depth literature research, we will identify key genes crucial for glucose control. Concurrently, we will implement a "kill switch" mechanism within the E. coli bacteria. This is a safety measure specifically designed to enhance the project's biosafety profile.

4. Build an evidence-based trust system and strengthen authoritative endorsement:

Actively establish a trust mechanism centered on clinical data, government regulatory certifications, and feedback from patient communities as core evidence. This involves proactive communication with government regulatory bodies and collaboration with medical experts and academic institutions to enhance credibility and address concerns regarding safety and efficacy.

5. Develop accessibility strategies to enhance product inclusivity

Conduct research on consumer price sensitivity, optimize production cost control, and formulate tiered pricing strategies. The aim is to ensure the product can reach a broader population after market launch, directly addressing public concerns about affordability.

2. Shenzhen Science & Technology Museum Visit

Summary

Before launching the project, the QYZX-China 2025 team conducted on-site research at a science museum, integrating synthetic biology with public outreach to advance the VitaPop Jelly project — a GLP-1 engineered bacteria system designed to help manage Type II diabetes. This study deepened public understanding of gene editing and the applications of synthetic biology, laying the theoretical foundation for the project. During our observations, we found that children were most engaged by interactive exhibits (such as touchscreen games), students preferred knowledge-rich displays, while adults were primarily interested in their children's learning experience. These insights inspired a layered outreach strategy: interactive, guided learning modules for children, and systematic lectures for students and adults. Guided by Dr. Drucker's review published in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, the QYZX-China 2025 team aims to design a GLP-1 delivery system to optimize blood glucose regulation. Looking ahead, our goals include validating this system and collaborating with schools and community organizations to develop modular educational resources, amplifying the project's social impact.

Purpose

This project aims to integrate synthetic biology with public science education through on-site research at science museums. On one hand, the team seeks to gain a systematic understanding of the fundamental logic and application potential of cutting-edge technologies, such as gene editing and biosynthesis. On the other hand, by observing the exhibition preferences and behavioral characteristics of different audiences, we aim to provide a solid foundation for developing layered and effective science communication strategies in the future.

Gains

1. Enhanced Technical Understanding

We gained a deeper comprehension of the molecular mechanisms underlying life processes, particularly the core roles of gene editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) and biosynthesis in drug development — such as the design of GLP-1 protein delivery systems. This strengthened our theoretical foundation for subsequent project development.

2. Audience Behavior Analysis

Through observing crowd distribution and interaction patterns across different exhibition zones in the science museum, we identified distinct audience preferences:

• Children: Prefer highly engaging and interactive experiences (e.g., touchscreen games, simulated experiments). However, their knowledge absorption is relatively low, relying more on sensory stimulation.
• Students: Are drawn to visually appealing and knowledge-dense exhibits (e.g., structural models, conceptual animations), valuing logical coherence and depth of understanding.
• Adults: Often participate as companions to children; their attention and movement are strongly influenced by their children's interests, showing relatively low motivation for independent exploration.

3. Educational Strategy Insights

Effective science communication requires a balance between interactive engagement and conceptual explanation. For children, educational activities should incorporate guided experiential learning, while for students and adults, content should be systematic and professional, emphasizing both scientific rigor and contextual relevance.

Implementation

1. Technical Development Pathway

Guided by the principles of gene editing and biosynthesis, the team conducted an extensive literature review and identified Dr. Drucker's review in Nature Reviews Drug Discovery [1]. The article highlights that GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) not only plays a significant role in regulating blood glucose levels and reducing body weight in patients with Type II diabetes, but also exhibits cardiovascular and renal protective potential. Based on these findings, the team decided to develop a GLP-1 targeted delivery system using engineered bacteria, aiming to optimize pharmacokinetic properties and improve patient tolerance.

2. Science Communication and Education Design

In collaboration with the Education team, we developed a tiered science outreach plan:

• For children, we designed an "interactive game + simple Q&A" format that introduces basic biological concepts—such as the role of bacteria and the principles of sugar metabolism—through engaging gameplay.
• For students and adults, we organized "lecture + game interaction" sessions to provide in-depth explanations of the applications and future potential of synthetic biology in disease treatment.

Outlook

1. Product Development

The team aims to advance the GLP-1 engineered bacterial delivery system from laboratory validation to pilot-scale production, ultimately achieving a safe, efficient, and accessible biosynthetic formulation for blood glucose regulation.

2. Education and Public Engagement

Building on audience insights, we plan to develop a series of modular science education resources, including interactive exhibits, teaching materials, and educational videos. Furthermore, we will collaborate with local communities and schools to carry out targeted outreach activities, thereby enhancing the project's societal impact and promoting broader public understanding of synthetic biology.

3. Local Public Health Center

Summary

Through interviews with community public health professionals, we gained valuable insights into disease burden, public awareness, patient needs, and regulatory perspectives. In China, annual diabetes-related expenditures exceed 100 billion RMB, yet among 140 million patients, 55% remain untreated. Public understanding of genetically modified (GM) products remains limited, highlighting the need for practical and accessible science communication to foster acceptance. To address these challenges, our team plans to conduct patient interviews, design community-based educational initiatives (such as informative posts on platforms like Xiaohongshu), and ensure all materials are compliant with relevant regulations. These efforts aim to advance product development, build public trust, and ultimately reduce the societal burden of diabetes.

Purpose

From a public health perspective, this study aims to comprehensively assess the disease burden and public awareness related to Type II diabetes. It also seeks to understand patients' current conditions, existing community-level interventions, and government perspectives on our engineered bacterial hypoglycemic product. These findings will provide a foundation for project optimization and real-world implementation.

Gains

1. Disease Burden and Government Strategies for Chronic Disease Management

The Chinese government invests over 100 billion RMB annually (through public health and medical insurance) in the management of Type II diabetes, focusing on screening, primary care management, and drug price reduction. Among the nation's 140 million diabetes patients, 55% do not receive standardized treatment, resulting in annual medical expenditures of around 250 billion RMB, with 80% spent on treating complications. Current government strategies for chronic disease management—such as long-term follow-up, population-based stratified management, and public education programs—have formed a systematic approach emphasizing diet modification, weight control, and daily lifestyle management.

2. Public Awareness

The public generally lacks in-depth understanding of the mechanisms, regulation, and full-course management of diabetes. However, the younger generation shows stronger awareness of prevention, actively learning about family medical history, blood glucose levels, and risk factors.

3. Insights into Science Communication Strategies

Public knowledge of genetic modification technologies remains limited. People tend to prefer simple, relatable explanations rather than technical jargon, which helps reduce perceived safety concerns. The elderly population favors community-based educational events, WeChat articles, and short videos that are concise, engaging, and closely tied to daily life—especially when combined with free health checks or small gifts to encourage participation.

4. Cautious Attitudes Toward Emerging Technologies

Food safety supervision in China involves routine sampling and collaboration with local Centers for Disease Control (CDC), with data archived by the Market Supervision Administration, reflecting a strict regulatory system. Nonetheless, government officials and public health workers have limited hands-on experience with the direct application of genetic technologies, and their main concerns revolve around potential allergenic risks, as well as public psychological acceptance and science communication.

Implementation

1. Deepening Patient and Family Interviews

We plan to conduct in-depth interviews with patients and their family members to better understand their real needs, treatment barriers, and levels of family support. These insights will provide essential guidance for product design and communication strategies.

2. Public Science Communication

In collaboration with the Education team, we will design engaging public lectures and social media content (e.g., posts on Xiaohongshu). These materials will use simple, relatable language and real-world examples to make complex biomedical concepts accessible to the general public.

Outlook

1. Commitment to Product Development

Considering the large patient population and significant social burden of Type II diabetes, our team remains committed to developing a GLP-1 engineered bacterial therapy aimed at improving public health outcomes and reducing societal healthcare costs.

2. Optimizing Product Positioning and Communication

Based on the cognitive characteristics and information preferences of different groups (such as patients and caregivers), we will tailor our communication strategies to highlight the product's safety, convenience, and everyday relevance, thereby strengthening public trust and acceptance.

4. Patients and Their Families

Summary

We conducted interviews with patients and their families to evaluate the impact of the disease, levels of awareness, treatment challenges, and their attitudes toward synthetic biology–based solutions. Many patients struggle with dietary management, often misinterpreting "sugar" as only sweet foods, and show low adherence to monitoring and treatment due to personal and psychological factors. Some participants, such as long-term insulin users, expressed strong interest in non-invasive therapies, while oral medication users were more cautious, raising concerns about the safety and cost of genetically modified products. Family members showed significant interest, hoping that new treatments could reduce caregiving burdens. In response, our team will continue to advance the GLP-1 engineered bacterial system, focusing on safety, efficacy, and user trust. We will also create clear, accessible educational materials and incorporate user feedback to improve public understanding, treatment adherence, and social impact—ultimately working toward a patient-centered innovation that helps alleviate the burden of diabetes.

Purpose

1. Disease Management and Daily Life Impact

To understand how diabetes affects patients' daily lives — including their dietary habits, exercise routines, and psychological well-being — as well as to explore the roles, challenges, and pressures faced by family members in caregiving.

2. Awareness and Treatment Approaches

To assess the levels of awareness among patients and their families regarding diabetes, their understanding of current treatment options (such as insulin therapy and oral medications), and the practical challenges encountered during treatment implementation.

3. Needs and Acceptance

To investigate the informational and educational needs of patients and their families concerning diabetes-related science communication, and to gain insights into their acceptance, concerns, and expectations toward new synthetic biology–based therapeutic products.

Gains

1. Blood Glucose Monitoring Habits

Patients typically use finger-prick blood tests for daily monitoring, either self-testing at home or visiting community health centers. However, most patients struggle to maintain consistent daily monitoring, with frequency often affected by subjective factors such as motivation, inconvenience, or mood.

2. Psychological Reactions at Diagnosis and Differences in Treatment Approaches

• Patient A (22-year history): Reported no significant anxiety upon diagnosis. Initially treated with insulin, later switched to oral metformin after improvement. Currently uses a combination of insulin and oral medication.
• Patient B (4-year history): No notable anxiety at diagnosis. Currently takes imported oral medication only, with no insulin use.
• Patient C (20-year history): Experienced tension and concern about complications early after diagnosis. Previously used insulin + metformin, but discontinued metformin due to side effects and now relies solely on insulin injections.

3. Challenges in Dietary Control

Many patients misunderstand "sugar" as referring only to sweet foods, overlooking that staples such as rice and noodles are also major sources of carbohydrates that raise blood glucose. As a result, they struggle to control carbohydrate and sugary fruit intake. Personal appetite and long-term eating habits are major obstacles.

Although family members often show awareness and willingness to supervise, patients' low treatment adherence frequently undermines the effectiveness of disease management.

4. Attitudes Toward New Products: A Mix of Expectation and Caution

• Positive respondents (e.g., Patients A and C): expressed strong anticipation for non-injection therapies, hoping for solutions that avoid injection pain and simplify glucose control. They are open-minded toward new technologies, focusing more on effectiveness than on the underlying mechanisms.
• Conservative respondents (e.g., Patient B): were less interested, as their current oral medication remains effective. They voiced concerns about genetic modification, long-term safety, and product cost.
• Family members: generally showed high interest, viewing such innovations as a means to reduce caregiving burden and improve patient quality of life.

5. Preferences for Science Communication Content

Public education—especially for older audiences—should emphasize practical guidance such as dietary control and exercise recommendations, while avoiding complex pathophysiological explanations. This approach ensures that the information is both understandable and actionable, improving knowledge retention and compliance.

Implementation

1.Research and Development Advancement

The development of the GLP-1–based engineered bacterial therapy for diabetes should continue to move forward, with a primary focus on optimizing expression efficiency and ensuring safety.

2.Science Communication Strategies

In patient education, complex professional content should be translated into simple and accessible language, emphasizing the importance of blood glucose control. Practical dietary planning guidance should also be provided to improve patient compliance and support long-term management.

Outlook

1. Commitment to Product Development

The large patient population, heavy disease burden, and the unspoken struggles faced by people with diabetes have strengthened our determination to develop a safe, effective, and accessible GLP-1 engineered bacterial therapy. Our goal is to benefit the public and alleviate the burden on both society and families.

2. Building a Targeted Communication and Education System

Based on the different levels of understanding and information preferences among patients and their families, we plan to develop a series of modular science education resources—including handbooks, lecture templates, and visual materials. We also aim to collaborate with communities and schools to deliver targeted outreach programs, thereby enhancing public engagement and acceptance of the project.

3. Continuous Listening and Product Refinement

We will establish a feedback loop that integrates user input throughout the entire product development process. By addressing patients' concerns (e.g., safety, cost) and expectations (e.g., convenience, taste), we aim to continuously optimize the product design and strategy, achieving truly user-centered innovation.

4. Activating Family Support Networks

By empowering family members, we seek to more effectively guide patients in establishing regular, healthy dietary and lifestyle habits, thereby improving treatment adherence and long-term outcomes.

5. Building Trust and Anticipation

Through solid science education, transparent product information, and demonstrable therapeutic benefits, we aim to build trust and positive expectations among patients and their families. Strong family support is a cornerstone of diabetes management and plays a vital role in enhancing treatment adherence and quality of life.

5. Clinician Interview - Liu Qian

Summary

To improve our GLP-1 engineered bacterial system for blood glucose control, we conducted an interview with Dr. Liu, a clinician, to evaluate the current treatment challenges and technological prospects. Dr. Liu highlighted that the incidence of diabetes continues to rise, often accompanied by complications such as ketoacidosis and vascular damage. Current therapeutic options—such as insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists—present side effects and adherence issues, limiting long-term management effectiveness. Our proposed non-invasive GLP-1 engineered bacterial therapy aims to enhance treatment adherence and reduce adverse effects, ultimately contributing to better prevention and control of diabetes.

Purpose

To gain an in-depth understanding of the current status of Type II diabetes diagnosis and treatment, the limitations of existing therapies, and the future potential of emerging technologies, we conducted an in-depth interview with Dr. Liu, a clinical expert. During the discussion, we introduced our genetically engineered E. coli–based glucose control project, and received valuable clinical insights and professional guidance. These perspectives provided multidimensional considerations and directions for iteration, supporting the further optimization of our project.

Gains

1. Trends in Diabetes Prevalence

Dr. Liu noted that the global prevalence of diabetes continues to rise, with significant regional variations and an increasingly younger onset age. This trend poses serious challenges to long-term disease prevention and management.

2. Common Complications of Diabetes

From the expert interview, we learned that diabetes complications can be classified into acute and chronic types.

• Acute complications include hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome and diabetic ketoacidosis. The former is caused by extreme hyperglycemia leading to severe dehydration and elevated osmotic pressure, while the latter results from disordered glucose metabolism that triggers excessive fat breakdown, generating ketone bodies and causing blood acidification.
• Chronic complications primarily involve metabolic syndrome and vascular damage. Long-term hyperglycemia impairs both small and large blood vessels, resulting in progressive endothelial dysfunction and a variety of pathological changes.

3. Treatment Limitations in Patients with Insulin Allergy or Insulin Resistance

For patients with insulin allergy, clinicians often prescribe oral hypoglycemic agents such as acarbose as alternatives. However, these are less effective than insulin and require more complex dose adjustments. In cases of insulin resistance, metformin and other insulin sensitizers can improve symptoms to some extent, yet the overall therapeutic outcomes remain limited.

4. Side Effect Assessment of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists

According to Dr. Liu, GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide commonly cause gastrointestinal side effects including nausea and vomiting, and may worsen diabetic retinopathy. More serious adverse reactions include pancreatitis and intestinal obstruction. Although these drugs reduce dosing frequency, their high cost and tolerability issues often lead to treatment discontinuation among some patients.

5. Potential Advantages of Engineered Bacteria Technology

Dr. Liu recognized the potential clinical value of our engineered bacterial therapy. Its non-invasive nature can significantly improve patient compliance. In addition to stabilizing blood glucose levels, the technology may also enhance bone metabolism, thereby reducing the risk of fractures and diabetic foot—demonstrating multiple therapeutic benefits beyond glycemic control.

6. Key Technical Evaluation Criteria

The expert suggested evaluating our engineered bacterial system through several critical dimensions:

• Scientific reliability — monitoring whether the engineered strain can express the target molecule effectively and achieve an adequate concentration.
• Gastrointestinal stability — ensuring that the strain can resist gastric digestion and stably colonize the intestine.
• Precise regulation of GLP-1 secretion — establishing a well-controlled feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis.
• Safety assessment — conducting comprehensive evaluation of potential side effects.

These indicators will be essential in verifying the feasibility, safety, and clinical potential of the technology.

Implementation

1. Production Optimization

Moving forward, we plan to consult additional experts and conduct experimental assessments to evaluate the yield and effective concentration of our engineered E. coli under scalable production conditions.

2. Acid Resistance and Intestinal Colonization

We will further explore acid-resistant encapsulation technologies such as microgels and enteric coatings, followed by testing in in vitro simulated gastric digestion models to measure strain survival rates and ensure stable intestinal colonization.

3. Precise Regulation of GLP-1 Secretion

We aim to investigate how to maintain optimal GLP-1 secretion levels and evaluate potential side effects, particularly gastrointestinal responses, to ensure controlled and safe therapeutic outcomes.

4. Cost Analysis and Feasibility Assessment

Together with the Business team, we will perform a detailed cost analysis of gene editing and fermentation processes, and consult biotechnology companies to determine the most practical product formulation. This will help ensure both economic and technical feasibility of the final therapeutic design.

Outlook

The insights provided by the clinical expert affirmed the potential of engineered bacterial therapy, while also highlighting the key challenges for industrial translation. By addressing issues such as scalable production, cost-effectiveness, and precise in vivo regulation, we aim to facilitate the transformation of this technology from laboratory research to industrial application, achieving an innovative breakthrough in diabetes management.

6. GMP Lyophilization Workshop

Summary

We interviewed Mr. Liu, the supervisor of a GMP lyophilization (freeze-drying) workshop, and toured the facility to understand the production process and assess the feasibility of different product formulations — including capsules, oral liquids, yogurt, and popping bobas (boba-like microcapsules). While the lyophilization process offers product stability and long shelf life, it is costly and technically complex. In contrast, liquid formulations present a risk of odor development. The popping boba format shows promising market potential, though it requires further validation. Based on this evaluation, we decided to prioritize the popping boba formulation, focusing on verifying the microencapsulation process, cost efficiency, and user experience optimization.

Purpose

Based on previous public surveys and market research, we initially identified four potential product forms: capsules, oral liquid, yogurt, and popping bobas. To evaluate the feasibility of freeze-drying technology and optimize product design, we conducted an on-site investigation at a GMP-certified workshop, engaging in an in-depth discussion with technical director Mr. Liu Minmin on the industrial application, cost management, and adaptability of lyophilization in engineered bacterial products. This visit aimed to gather professional insights to guide subsequent product development decisions.

Gains

1. Industrial Challenges and Trade-offs of Lyophilization

Through our technical exchange, we gained a deeper understanding of lyophilization technology and its industrialization challenges. This process enhances product stability and shelf life through low-temperature dehydration, with advantages in storage and transportation. However, industrial adoption faces three major hurdles:

• The need for multi-million RMB investment in large-scale industrial freeze-drying equipment.
• Complex process parameters and protectant formulations (e.g., trehalose) requiring long optimization cycles.
• The high cost of specialized cryoprotectants further increases production expenses.

Considering our project's current focus on cost control and shorter development cycles, Mr. Liu suggested postponing lyophilization and prioritizing more feasible technologies for the current stage, while reassessing freeze-drying once the product matures.

2. Sensory Risks of Liquid Formulations

We learned that E. coli can produce distinct odors under different environmental conditions. Therefore, for liquid-based formats such as yogurt, there is a risk of unpleasant fermentation odors, potentially reducing consumer acceptance.

3. Technical Potential and Validation Needs of popping bobas

The popping boba formulation (microencapsulated spheres) is theoretically feasible. Microencapsulation can effectively isolate engineered bacteria from the food matrix, improving product stability and sensory quality. However, this concept still requires experimental validation to confirm feasibility and consistency.

Implementation

1. Shift from Liquid to Solid Formulations

Literature review and sensory testing confirmed that E. coli in liquid media (e.g., yogurt) tends to produce odor-causing metabolites. Therefore, the team decided to abandon oral liquid and yogurt formulations and focus on solid or semi-solid product forms.

2. Prioritize Validation of the popping boba Formulation

Given its technical feasibility and market differentiation potential, the team will prioritize the popping boba format. The next phase will involve testing microencapsulation stability, assessing bacterial viability, and analyzing production costs and consumer acceptance.

3. Market Evaluation

In collaboration with the Business team, we will conduct a market feasibility analysis for the commercial introduction of popping boba products.

Outlook

1. Aligning Technology Path with Project Stage

Although lyophilization offers long-term benefits, at the current stage we will prioritize cost-effective and time-efficient technologies. Once pilot-scale production is achieved, freeze-drying can be reconsidered for high-value product lines.

2. User-Centered Product Design

The formulation design for engineered bacterial products must balance technical feasibility and user experience. The popping boba structure effectively mitigates odor concerns, but its texture and convenience will require further user testing and optimization to ensure consumer satisfaction.

7. Synthetic Biology Expert First Interview - Cheng Li

Summary

We consulted Dr. Cheng, a synthetic biology expert from the Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, to discuss the possible causes of GLP-1 expression failure during E. coli editing using the GCG gene and to identify key challenges in product development. Based on the expert's guidance, we decided to redesign the plasmid using the GLP-1 sequence directly, rather than its precursor gene, and to optimize the bacterial strain's safety and efficacy to advance the development of an innovative and practical GLP-1 delivery system.

Purpose

After confirming popping bobas (jelly capsules) as the final product form, we initiated genetic engineering experiments. Literature research identified the GCG gene, the precursor of GLP-1, which we integrated into E. coli to achieve peptide expression. However, initial experiments failed to detect the target protein. To overcome this technical barrier, we visited Dr. Cheng, a synthetic biology expert at the Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, to investigate the root causes of expression failure and to obtain systematic optimization recommendations for further experimental design.

Gains

1. Assessment of Strain Safety

Dr. Cheng pointed out that wild-type E. coli poses endotoxin risks and may produce unpleasant odors during fermentation, raising safety concerns for use in food products. Although genetically modified strains can potentially serve as probiotic delivery systems in therapeutic contexts, it is essential to address possible gastrointestinal side effects before application.

2. Technical Challenges in GLP-1 Expression

GLP-1–based therapies offer advantages such as reduced dosing frequency and dynamic blood glucose regulation. However, two major challenges were identified:

• Potential cytotoxicity: GLP-1 peptides themselves may affect bacterial viability, necessitating cytotoxicity testing.
• Expression system mismatch: While the BL21 strain can increase protein yield by optimizing induction conditions (e.g., lowering IPTG concentration or culture temperature), its inherently high expression levels conflict with the sustained, low-dose release required for GLP-1 therapy in vivo.

3. Potential Stability Advantages of Engineered Bacteria

Compared with traditional insulin formulations, a GLP-1 engineered bacterial delivery system shows significant potential for improved stability. It could enable room-temperature storage and sustained activity exceeding 24 hours per dose, greatly enhancing patient convenience and treatment adherence.

4. Optimization of Gene Selection

Using the GCG precursor gene instead of the GLP-1 gene directly may have contributed to expression failure, suggesting that future constructs should employ the precise GLP-1 sequence for accurate peptide synthesis.

Implementation

1. Reconstruction of Expression Vectors

Retrieve the verified GLP-1 nucleotide sequence [2] and redesign the plasmid using the GLP-1 gene directly as a template, replacing the GCG-based construct to improve expression reliability.

2. Extended Expert Collaboration

Plan follow-up interviews with researchers specializing in diabetes and peptide therapeutics to gain deeper insights into technical challenges, optimization strategies, and clinical considerations relevant to GLP-1–based drug development.

Outlook

This expert consultation provided critical technical guidance for our project. Moving forward, we will apply these insights to systematically optimize experimental protocols, advance strain engineering, and continuously assess product safety and efficacy. Our ultimate goal is to develop an innovative, safe, and practical GLP-1 delivery system that bridges synthetic biology and therapeutic application, contributing to next-generation diabetes management solutions.

8. Diabetologist - Pu Shimiao

Summary

To address the issue of low GLP-1 expression levels observed in the VitaPop Jelly project, we interviewed a diabetologist and diabetes research expert to explore optimization strategies and assess the product's clinical prospects. The expert identified several possible causes for the low expression — including insufficient protein yield, short half-life, and detection limitations. Based on these insights, we plan to optimize plasmid design by fusing the GLP-1 gene with a GFP reporter, allowing indirect monitoring of expression through fluorescence. Additionally, the expert emphasized the importance of designing microbially safe strains, assessing biosafety risks, and clarifying the regulatory landscape for gene-edited products.

Purpose

In our preliminary experiments, the reconstructed GLP-1 plasmid achieved only trace levels of protein expression. To overcome this technical bottleneck and evaluate clinical feasibility, the team invited a diabetes specialist to discuss the technical challenges, clinical limitations, and potential risks of GLP-1 expression. The consultation also aimed to refine the R&D strategy for VitaPop Jelly, and to define its product positioning and regulatory classification through further expert engagement.

Gains

1. Causes of Low Expression

The expert noted that low GLP-1 expression may result from poor protein yield, short half-life, or low detection sensitivity due to the peptide's small molecular weight. To improve monitoring, it was recommended to fuse the GLP-1 sequence with GFP, using fluorescence as an indirect indicator of expression levels.

2. Challenges in Patient Adherence

As diabetes is a chronic condition, poor patient adherence remains a major barrier — patients often discontinue medication or insulin injections due to frustration with glycemic fluctuations. This highlights the need for more convenient and user-friendly therapeutic options.

3. Advantages and Risks of GLP-1 Therapy

GLP-1–based therapies may have dual benefits in glycemic control and weight reduction, but may also cause gastrointestinal side effects. The expert also cautioned that engineered bacterial delivery systems could disrupt gut microbiota balance. Potential mitigation strategies include limiting nutrient competition, controlling bacterial proliferation, or supplementing with probiotics.

4. Challenges for Genetically Modified Products

As a product that combines food and therapeutic functions, VitaPop Jelly faces multiple challenges:

• Ambiguous classification between food and medicine, affecting applicable regulations.
• Complex formulation, which increases manufacturing difficulty.
• Biosafety and ethical concerns, such as potential gene pool contamination or environmental spread, requiring thorough evaluation.

Implementation

1. Expression Optimization

Optimize the plasmid construct by fusing the GFP reporter gene with GLP-1, enabling real-time fluorescence-based expression monitoring.

2. Microbiome Balance

Investigate strategies to limit engineered bacterial nutrient uptake and growth rate, and evaluate how probiotic supplementation affects the gut microbiota ecosystem.

3. Product Positioning and Regulation

Continue expert discussions to clarify whether VitaPop Jelly should be regulated as a food or therapeutic product, and to define applicable safety and regulatory standards. Assess the potential genetic and environmental risks associated with transgenic strains.

Outlook

1. Technical Refinement

Continue optimizing both the GLP-1 expression system and microbial balance strategy to ensure the safety and efficacy of VitaPop Jelly.

2. Regulation and Public Engagement

Establish a clear product classification and strengthen biosafety and ethical evaluations. Through public education and transparent communication, enhance trust and acceptance of VitaPop Jelly and its synthetic biology innovations.

9. Synthetic Biology Expert Second Interview - Cheng Li

Summary

After constructing a GFP-fused GLP-1 expression plasmid, only low levels of GLP-1 expression were still detected. To further investigate the issue, the team conducted a follow-up interview with Dr. Cheng from the Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology. The discussion identified several possible causes, including suboptimal codon usage, weak promoter strength, and inefficient protein folding. Dr. Cheng recommended codon optimization tailored to E. coli, as well as adjusting culture conditions (such as lowering incubation temperature) to improve proper protein folding. Future work will focus on enhancing expression levels for scalable production, laying the foundation for long-acting GLP-1 analog development and advancing the VitaPop Pearls project.

Purpose

Following the previous expert consultation, the team redesigned the plasmid using the authentic GLP-1 peptide sequence, replacing the GCG precursor and fusing GFP as a reporter gene. Although GLP-1 expression was successfully detected, the yield remained low and insufficient for downstream development. To further optimize expression efficiency, we revisited Dr. Cheng at the Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology to discuss technical improvement strategies and explore possible expression system refinements.

Gains

1. Codon Optimization

The expert explained that human gene codons, while efficient in human cells, may perform poorly in E. coli due to differences in codon bias. Therefore, optimizing the GLP-1 coding sequence based on E. coli codon preferences can significantly enhance translation efficiency and protein yield.

2. Improving the Expression System

Although GFP fusion confirmed expression, the overall yield remained limited, possibly due to insufficient promoter strength or inefficient protein folding. Dr. Cheng recommended lowering the culture temperature to slow bacterial growth, creating favorable conditions for proper protein folding. Additionally, he suggested verifying or replacing the promoter sequence to ensure strong and specific transcription initiation, which may be a critical limiting factor.

3. Strain Selection

The BL21 strain is suitable for high expression, but its characteristics are not ideal for sustained, low-dose GLP-1 release. The expert proposed testing probiotic strains such as E. coli Nissle 1917, which offer better safety profiles and applicability in food or therapeutic contexts.

Implementation

1. Codon Optimization

Perform full-sequence codon optimization and gene synthesis of GLP-1, followed by direct cloning into the optimized expression vector to improve translation efficiency.

2. Optimization of Expression Conditions

In subsequent experiments, precisely control culture parameters (e.g., temperature) to modulate cell growth rates and promote correct protein folding. In parallel, verify or replace the promoter to eliminate possible transcription inefficiencies.

3. Strain Iteration

After completing proof-of-concept and condition optimization in E. coli BL21, the team plans to transfer the expression system to probiotic vectors such as E. coli Nissle 1917, better suited for food-grade or therapeutic applications.

Outlook

This follow-up consultation clarified that systematic codon optimization, rational selection of expression elements, and integration of downstream purification processes are key pathways to overcoming the GLP-1 expression bottleneck. Successful optimization is expected to raise GLP-1 expression levels to meet pilot-scale production requirements, while also laying a solid technical foundation for developing long-acting GLP-1 analogs. Following the technical roadmap refined through this discussion, the team will steadily advance strain iteration and expression optimization, striving to achieve efficient and stable expression of the GLP-1 engineered bacteria.

10. Shenzhen Wanhe Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. - Dr. Liu

Summary

We interviewed Dr. Liu, an R&D engineer at Wanhe Pharmaceutical, to discuss the impact of VitaPop Jelly on gut microbiota, the challenges of oral delivery, and the biosafety of engineered bacteria. Dr. Liu explained that the impact of engineered bacteria on gut flora varies depending on the health status of the host's microbiome, and that auxotrophic strain design can minimize disruption. Based on these insights, we decided to use sodium alginate for bacterial encapsulation, conduct simulated gastric condition testing, and design a cysteine-dependent auxotrophic strain to ensure product safety and efficacy. Future work will focus on enhancing the safety and delivery efficiency of VitaPop Jelly, ensuring compliance with GMO biosafety regulations, and preparing for clinical and market applications.

Purpose

To systematically evaluate the potential impact of engineered bacteria on intestinal microbiota and to address technical challenges in oral delivery, our team visited Dr. Liu, Head of R&D at Wanhe Pharmaceutical. The discussion focused on probiotic safety, encapsulation techniques, and biosafety considerations, aiming to refine the overall design and application strategy of VitaPop Jelly.

Gains

1. Impact on Gut Microbiota

The extent to which exogenous bacteria influence intestinal homeostasis is highly dependent on the host's pre-existing gut microbiota state. If the user has an imbalanced gut microbiota (e.g., dysbiosis, low diversity), the engineered bacteria may significantly modulate the microecology; if the gut microbiota is originally healthy and stable, the impact tends to be relatively limited. To avoid disrupting the balance of the gut microbiota and competition from other probiotics, the survival of the engineered bacteria outside the host can be controlled through nutrient deficiency designs (e.g., dependence on specific carbon sources/cysteine).

2. Optimization of Encapsulation Technology

To protect VitaPop Pearls (popping bobas) from gastric acid degradation, encapsulation techniques such as acid-resistant coatings, sodium alginate, gelatin, or nanomaterial-based "probiotic armor" can be used. These approaches enhance bacterial survival through the digestive tract and improve delivery efficiency to the intestine.

3. Biosafety Considerations

If the engineered strain lacks pathogenic genes and does not possess environmental survival advantages after modification, the risk of ecological impact through fecal excretion is minimal. Nonetheless, biosafety validation is required to ensure regulatory compliance for genetically modified microorganisms (GMMs).

Implementation

1. Encapsulation Research

Collaborate with Dr. Tan, founder of Xbiome, and mechanical engineers to explore sodium alginate encapsulation techniques for GLP-1 engineered bacteria. Conduct in vitro experiments simulating gastric fluid (low pH) to evaluate acid resistance and intestinal delivery efficiency.

2. Auxotrophic Strain Design

Develop a cysteine-dependent auxotrophic strain to limit bacterial survival outside the gut, reducing both microbiota interference and environmental risks.

Outlook

1. Technical Refinement

Following Dr. Liu's recommendations, the team will optimize both encapsulation methods and bacterial strain design to ensure safe and effective intestinal release of VitaPop Jelly.

2. Regulatory Foresight

Continue aligning the project with biosafety and GMO regulations, monitoring domestic and international policies on environmental release of genetically modified microorganisms. These measures will ensure that R&D and product development remain compliant and ready for future clinical and market transitions.

11. Xbiome Co. Ltd. - Founder Tan Yan

Summary

We interviewed Dr. Tan Yan, Founder and CEO of Xbiome, to discuss key aspects of strain selection, biosafety, oral delivery, microbiome interactions, and commercialization strategies for the VitaPop Jelly project. Dr. Tan emphasized that the impact of engineered bacteria on the gut microbiota depends heavily on the host's microbial health, and that auxotrophic strain design can enhance biosafety. Based on his suggestions, we plan to encapsulate bacteria with sodium alginate, validate expression performance in BL21 before transitioning to the safer Nissle 1917 strain, clarify regulatory pathways for both food and pharmaceutical classifications, and develop a standardized production workflow to ensure scalability and market readiness.

Purpose

To systematically address the core challenges in developing the VitaPop Jelly engineered bacterial therapy, including strain selection and biosafety, oral delivery of live bacteria, impact on gut microbial balance, status of the microbial therapeutics industry, and commercial feasibility, our team met with Dr. Tan Yan, founder and R&D lead at Xbiome. The discussion provided strategic insights into the technical, regulatory, and industrial dimensions of live biotherapeutic development, guiding both the scientific optimization and commercial trajectory of the project.

Gains

1. Strain Selection and Biosafety Optimization

The BL21 strain is convenient for laboratory use but, as a Gram-negative bacterium, has strong immunogenicity and may trigger inflammation. To mitigate in vivo risks, Dr. Tan suggested genetic modifications (e.g., deletion of immunogenic genes, introduction of molecular effectors) or biocontainment strategies, such as auxotrophic design and suicide gene systems, to prevent environmental persistence. Nissle 1917, with higher safety and mature engineering techniques, is better suited as a probiotic carrier.

2. Live Bacteria Delivery and Stability

Engineered bacteria generally exhibit weaker colonization ability than native gut flora and are usually cleared within 24–48 hours. To improve viability and delivery efficiency, enteric capsules or encapsulation techniques (e.g., sodium alginate, nanomaterials) can protect cells from gastric acid. Additionally, optimizing fermentation conditions and harvesting timing is essential to maintain a plasmid retention rate above 90%.

3. Advantages of GLP-1 and Microbial Therapeutics

Live biotherapeutics offer long-term and sustained-release advantages, particularly beneficial for chronic diseases such as diabetes. However, achieving durable efficacy may require multi-target regulation. The microbiome therapeutics industry remains in its early stage and demands continued technological and regulatory breakthroughs.

4. Market and Regulatory Insights

Live bacterial therapeutics are highly accepted in the market with recognized safety, but pricing must balance cost and therapeutic value while ensuring standardized, rapid production to meet demand. China currently prohibits genetic modification of food-grade bacteria, while the U.S. requires GRAS certification. Product positioning as either food or drug directly determines the compliance pathway.

Implementation

1. Focusing on Strain Safety and Iteration

Design auxotrophic strains and biological containment systems (e.g., suicide switches) to enhance biosafety. Complete proof-of-concept and optimization in E. coli BL21, followed by transfer of the expression system to Nissle 1917 for safe, food- and therapeutic-grade applications.

2. Defining Market Strategy and Regulatory Pathway

Collaborate with regulatory experts to clarify whether VitaPop Jelly will be classified as a food or therapeutic product, and develop corresponding compliance and approval strategies. Adopt a value-based pricing model that reflects both cost-efficiency and long-term health benefits for chronic disease patients.

3. Advancing Standardized Production

Work with mechanical engineers to design equipment and processes for sodium alginate encapsulation of the popping bobas, enabling consistent quality and scalable production.

Outlook

Dr. Tan Yan praised the project's innovation and practical potential, noting that it bridges the gap between synthetic biology and commercial biotechnology. Moving forward, the team will focus on:

1. Technological Breakthroughs

Continue optimizing the live bacterial delivery system and GLP-1 bioactivity, addressing key bottlenecks in therapeutic efficacy. Harness the inherent advantages of live biotherapeutics for long-term chronic disease management, exploring the potential for multi-target regulation.

2. Commercial Development

Integrate market feedback and regulatory alignment to clarify product positioning. Strengthen public engagement and science communication to enhance awareness, acceptance, and market readiness of live microbial therapeutics.

This interview provided a comprehensive strategic perspective—from technical innovation to commercial implementation—for advancing VitaPop Jelly into a safe, effective, and competitive engineered bacterial product.

12. Mechanical Engineer - Dai Rui

Summary

We collaborated with Engineer Dai, a mechanical engineer, to optimize the manufacturing process and structural design of the VitaPop Jelly popping bobas. First, we verified the feasibility of a liquid droplet generation system through 3D printing and rapid prototyping. Next, we confirmed that sodium alginate–calcium chloride ionic crosslinking produces uniform bead shells, and uses coaxial extrusion to develop oil-phase and water-phase core–shell structures. Simulated gastric fluid experiments (pH 2) were then conducted to test bead acid resistance and structural stability. Moving forward, we aim to optimize process parameters, establish a quality control database, and evaluate the compatibility of active ingredients. Ultimately, we plan to design automated production equipment to achieve stable manufacturing, enhanced gastrointestinal delivery efficiency, and industrial scalability.

Purpose

To achieve uniform and standardized production of VitaPop Jelly for future scale-up, the team collaborated with Mechanical Engineer Dai to develop equipment suitable for mass production, optimize the manufacturing process of popping bobas, and refine the core–shell structural design to accommodate diverse oil- and water-phase encapsulation needs.

Gains

1. Digital Design and Rapid Prototyping

Using 3D printing, the team built a liquid droplet generation prototype, completing the full process from digital CAD modeling to physical part fabrication. This experience deepened our understanding of engineering support structures, teaching us how to design lightweight, stable, and reliable experimental devices.

2. Material Science and Gelation Mechanism

We studied the properties of polymer solutions and the gelation mechanism of hydrogels, confirming that ionic crosslinking between sodium alginate and calcium chloride can reliably form uniform gel shells, suitable for popping boba fabrication.

3. Precision Control of Process Parameters for Product Uniformity

By systematically varying sodium alginate concentration, calcium chloride concentration, crosslinking time, and needle diameter, we identified the core parameters governing bead size and stability. These data established the foundation for standardized, reproducible production.

4. Development of Core–Shell Structures

• Oil-phase cores: Using coaxial needle extrusion and controlled interfacial tension, we successfully encapsulated oil-based materials within alginate shells.
• Water-phase cores: By understanding the thermal diffusion differences between small and large molecules, we optimized the conditions for water-phase encapsulation, avoiding rapid mixing between inner and outer layers.

5. Simulated Validation and Performance Evaluation

Beads were immersed in simulated gastric fluid (pH = 2) to evaluate their stability under digestive conditions. These tests provided preliminary evidence supporting the feasibility of targeted intestinal delivery.

Implementation

1. Parameter Optimization and Database Development

Conduct detailed experiments to fine-tune critical process parameters and establish a comprehensive process database. This database will serve as a reference for standardized and automated equipment calibration.

2. Compatibility and Formulation Adaptation

Prepare alginate and calcium chloride solutions at varying concentrations to assess how crosslinking conditions affect bead formation. Using the coaxial extrusion system, test encapsulation of different active substances—including GLP-1 engineered bacterial formulations—and evaluate compatibility within the alginate matrix.

3. Preliminary Quality Control Standards

Combine weight measurement, dimensional analysis, compression strength testing, and simulated gastric immersion results to establish internal quality control benchmarks for popping boba products.

Outlook

1. Technical Innovation

Unlike conventional solid-droplet or thermocompression capsule methods, the coaxial extrusion technique allows for greater flexibility in core composition. The high-moisture alginate shells can protect encapsulated materials through the gastrointestinal tract, ensuring targeted release and enhanced bioavailability.

2. Equipment Development

Once laboratory-scale processes are stabilized, we will collaborate closely with Mechanical Engineer Dai to design and manufacture standardized, automated production equipment. This system will precisely control all process parameters, ensuring batch-to-batch consistency and industrial-scale reproducibility, paving the way for large-scale production of VitaPop Jelly.

13. China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm) - Chen Changqing

Summary

To finalize the regulatory, compliance, and market strategies for VitaPop Jelly, we interviewed Dr. Liu, Technical Director at Sinopharm Group. Dr. Liu explained that genetically modified probiotics currently have no precedent in China's food sector, and such products must undergo biosafety certification by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) and new food ingredient approval by the National Health Commission (NHC). Health food claims (e.g., "helps lower blood glucose") require an additional long approval cycle. We also learned about several technical assessments required prior to commercialization. Moving forward, we will consult regulatory lawyers, prepare biosafety certification documents, and refine our compliance roadmap to ensure legal alignment, expand potential applications, and pave the way for scalable market production.

Purpose

As the formulation and process development of VitaPop Jelly reach maturity, the team sought to clarify the legal classification, compliance framework, and market management strategy for its genetically modified live bacterial system. We interviewed Dr. Liu from Sinopharm Group to discuss the regulatory definition, compliance pathway, and market readiness for genetically modified probiotics in China.

Gains

1. Regulatory Pathways and Market Positioning

There is currently no precedent for genetically modified probiotic foods in China, and the product faces a clear regulatory pathway. First, obtain a safety certificate via the Ministry of Agriculture’s Regulations on the Safety Assessment of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms. After securing the safety certificate, the next step is to apply to the National Health Commission (NHC) for approval as a new food ingredient, a process that takes approximately 2-3 years. Health food claims require an additional 3–5 years for "auxiliary blood sugar-lowering" functional qualification. If placed as an ordinary food, any functional claims are strictly prohibited, and market promotion must fully comply with regulations. The recommended application strategy is first to complete the genetically modified organism safety certification, then apply for new food ingredient status, and finally choose to market it as an ordinary food (for faster market access) or a health food (for functional claims) based on the market positioning.

2. Production Standardization

Establish viable bacteria count standards (e.g., 10-30 billion CFU/gram) and simulate the transportation environment (e.g., 40°C high temperature) to test the survival rate during the shelf life. The use of inactivated bacterial technology can be considered to avoid the risk of viability loss. In terms of production cooperation, specialized contract manufacturers can be commissioned, utilizing their existing probiotic production lines to achieve uniform and standardized production. This helps save equipment investment and shorten the product development cycle.

3. Technical Validation and Safety Assessment

Live bacteria products require rigorous human safety evaluations, including infection and pathogenicity risks. For genetically engineered microbes, assess environmental survival, transmission potential, and risks of genetic recombination with other microorganisms.

Implementation

1. Regulatory Consultation

Engage professional lawyers to refine the transgenic safety certification and new food ingredient application processes, clarifying whether VitaPop Jelly should be positioned as a food or drug product.

2. Initiate Preliminary Safety Evaluation Work

Prepare the application materials in advance according to the requirements of the Regulations on Safety Assessment of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms. This includes detailing molecular characteristics (such as expression vector construction details, target gene sequence, and function) and genetic stability (e.g., generational stability of target gene integration and expression).

Outlook

1. Compliance and Safety

Strengthen communication with professional lawyers to refine the GM safety certification and new food ingredient application process, establishing a clear food/drug positioning strategy.

2. Technical Expansion

Upon successful safety validation, extend the technology to other gut-targeted delivery systems, such as GLP-1 analogues, or develop a food-grade E. coli engineering platform for broader applications.

3. Industrial Translation

Advance the project in phased stages: complete the laboratory proof-of-concept first, then apply for pilot-scale production qualifications, and finally partner with pharmaceutical or functional food enterprises to achieve commercialization.

14. Legal Consultation - Lawyer Gao Liang

Summary

To address the regulatory challenges surrounding VitaPop Jelly, we consulted a legal expert to clarify its potential classification (drug, health food, or general food) and corresponding compliance strategies. If categorized as a drug, it would require 5–8 years of clinical trials. If classified as a health food, genetically modified strains cannot be used under current regulations. If treated as a general food, it would need new food ingredient approval, but the pharmaceutical properties of GLP-1 make this route more complex. To minimize regulatory risks, we plan to pursue general food qualification, obtain GMO biosafety certification, and adopt compliant marketing language (e.g., "supports gut health"). We will also consult directly with regulatory authorities, prepare biosafety certification materials, seek patent protection for our innovations, and strengthen public trust to support the product's market success.

Purpose

This consultation aimed to systematically analyze the regulatory landscape for VitaPop Jelly, identify its legal classification under current laws (drug, health food, or general food), and obtain practical legal guidance on compliance, approval, and marketing strategies. The insights will guide the team's product development, regulatory submissions, and market promotion planning.

Gains

1. Product Classification and Regulation

• Drug Pathway: If the product claims to contain GLP-1 (a hypoglycemic active compound) or intends to treat disease, it must be registered under the Drug Administration Law, requiring preclinical studies and three phases of clinical trials, typically spanning 5–8 years.
• Health Food Pathway: According to Article 14 of the Evaluation Regulations for Probiotic Health Foods, genetically modified strains are prohibited in health food applications.
• General Food Pathway: Any new strain, especially a genetically modified bacterium, must be submitted for new food ingredient approval, which involves strict safety evaluations and regulatory review. Under Article 38 of the Food Safety Law, drugs cannot be added to food, and given that GLP-1 has pharmacological activity, combined with the lack of precedent for GMO probiotic foods, this pathway is complex but potentially feasible for exploration.
• Interim Option: Initially, the product could be developed as a research reagent, but this route does not allow market sales.

2. Safety Certification and Approvals

• GMO Biosafety Certification: Must comply with the Regulations on the Safety Administration of Agricultural GMOs and the Measures for the Safety Administration of Genetic Engineering, requiring an official biosafety evaluation certificate.
• New Drug Approval: If pursuing the pharmaceutical route, complete preclinical data (in vitro and animal studies) and three-phase clinical trial reports are required.
• Advertising Compliance: For the general food pathway, all explicit or implied medical claims (e.g., "treats diabetes") are strictly prohibited. Approved compliant alternatives include phrasing such as "supports gut health" or "suitable for individuals concerned about blood glucose."

3. Risk Management and Intellectual Property

• Long-term Risks: The lawyer emphasized the importance of evaluating the long-term impact of genetically modified strains on gut microecology and their environmental release risk.
• Patent Protection: It is recommended to file patents promptly covering the genetic constructs, manufacturing processes, and applications of the engineered bacteria to establish technical barriers and protect core innovations.

Implementation

1. Regulatory Research

Conduct an in-depth review of the Measures for the Safety Administration of Genetic Engineering and the Guidelines for the Biosafety Evaluation of Agricultural GMOs. Outline the application workflow for biosafety evaluation and prepare submission materials, including strain modification details, preliminary safety data, and intended uses.

2. Compliance Communication

Work with the Business team to design compliant marketing language, avoiding medical terms such as "GLP-1" or "insulin," and instead using expressions like "supports gut health."

3. External Professional Consultation

Engage with the Market Supervision Administration (MSA) to gain firsthand understanding of application and review processes, refining the project's compliance strategy accordingly.

Outlook

1. Regulatory Assurance

Refine GMO biosafety certification and product classification, ensuring full legal compliance and prioritizing the functional food pathway for quicker, lawful market entry.

2. Technology Protection and Expansion

Secure patent protection for key innovations, and explore applications of GLP-1 engineered bacterial technology in other gut-targeted therapeutics or functional food platforms.

3. Market Advancement

Combine compliance-based marketing with public education to enhance consumer trust, increase acceptance, and accelerate commercialization of VitaPop Jelly.

15. Market Supervision Administration - Chen Mengling

Summary

To ensure the compliant production and market entry of VitaPop Jelly, we interviewed staff from the Market Supervision Administration (MSA) to clarify the food production licensing process, application procedures, and food safety regulations. Company registration requires 3–5 name options and certification for a designated food safety administrator. Registering with "Food Production" as the main business scope provides flexibility, though food safety and public perception remain key regulatory risks. Our team plans to pursue general food qualification to reduce initial compliance barriers, prepare registration and licensing materials, implement compliant marketing strategies, and monitor GMO-related regulations to refine VitaPop Jelly's market strategy.

Purpose

To ensure regulatory compliance for the production and commercialization of VitaPop Jelly, our team met with officials from the Market Supervision Administration (MSA) to understand the licensing requirements, application workflow, and food safety supervision standards, forming the basis of a legally compliant market strategy.

Gains

1. Company Registration as a Prerequisite

The first step in applying for a food production license is completing company registration. Prepare 3–5 company name options, ideally formatted as “City + Brand + Industry + Organization Type.” Beyond basic registration documents, provide training certificates for the legal representative and food safety manager. Business license approval typically takes 3–5 working days.

2. Business Scope Planning

Officials recommended registering "Food Production" as the main business scope, as it allows a broad range of product categories. Additional business items, such as "Biotechnology R&D" and "Import and Export", can be included but may require separate specialized permits depending on the activity.

3. Core Regulatory Concerns

Regulatory authorities prioritize food safety risks above all. Additionally, gaps in existing regulations for emerging biotechnology products and public perception of GMOs were identified as long-term challenges requiring proactive communication and transparency.

4. Compliance Pathway and Strategy

To reduce initial compliance challenges, the team may apply as a general food product for faster approval. For long-term development, if pharmaceutical registration is planned, it should be prepared early, as it requires preclinical studies and three phases of clinical trials, spanning several years.

Implementation

1. Registration and Licensing Preparation

Finalize 3–5 company name options, prepare registration documents, and consult on specific food production license requirements.

2. Market Strategy Development

Develop an initial promotion plan for ordinary food status, crafting compliant marketing language to avoid functional claims.

3. Dynamic Monitoring

Track domestic and international regulatory trends and public sentiment on transgenic live bacteria products to refine compliance strategies.

Outlook

1. Compliance Implementation

Ensure VitaPop Jelly obtains both the Food Production License and GMO biosafety certification, enabling legal market entry.

2. Market Expansion

Enter the market initially as a general food product, then pursue pharmaceutical qualification for long-term development. Strengthen public education to enhance trust and competitiveness.

3. Continuous Optimization

Regularly monitor regulatory updates and public sentiment, refine compliance frameworks and marketing approaches, and support the commercialization and sustainable growth of the project.

16. Sinocare Diabetes Foundation - Li Wenjie

Summary

To enhance the marketing and education strategy of VitaPop Jelly, we interviewed Ms. Li, President of the Sannuo Foundation. Effective science communication, she emphasized, requires simple, relatable language and engaging formats closely connected to daily life — such as interactive games for children. Patients often experience stress from restrictive diets and medication side effects, which undermines treatment adherence. By introducing a snack-like formulation, VitaPop Jelly can improve patient compliance and experience. Moving forward, we aim to develop accessible social media campaigns (e.g., via Xiaohongshu), create customized educational materials, and build collaborative partnerships to advance diabetes management — ensuring that innovative biotechnologies truly benefit patients.

Purpose

This consultation aimed to refine the communication and public education strategy for VitaPop Jelly, focusing on:

• Effective approaches for diabetes education,
• Insights into patient needs and lived experiences,
• Market perception of novel products,
• Public engagement challenges of genetically engineered probiotics, and
• Potential partnerships for outreach and collaboration.

The goal was to generate evidence-based guidance for targeted promotion and sustainable project development.

Gains

1. Effective Science Communication Strategies

Successful outreach relies on translating complex scientific concepts into simple, relatable language. Avoiding rigid medical terminology and using familiar analogies or daily-life examples (such as dietary habits) helps make scientific knowledge approachable and engaging. For children, creative formats like interactive games, cartoon animations, or guided storytelling can embed learning within play, enhancing curiosity and understanding.

2. Key Sources of Patient Stress

The physical and emotional burden of diabetes stems not only from the disease itself but also from strict dietary restrictions and medication side effects. These factors critically affect quality of life and treatment adherence.

3. Product Positioning Advantage

If safety and efficacy are well demonstrated, presenting the product in a snack-like form (e.g., jelly popping bobas) is not a drawback — instead, it may significantly enhance user adherence by offering a pleasant and convenient experience.

4. Value of Building a Collaborative Ecosystem

The Sannuo Foundation can provide access to diabetes patient communities, education platforms, and data collection channels, supporting targeted outreach and real-world validation. Such collaboration can form the foundation for a sustainable, patient-centered partnership model.

Implementation

1. Segmented Public Education Strategy

In collaboration with the Education Group, design tailored communication strategies for different audiences:

• For children and adolescents, develop interactive games and quiz-based learning combining education with play.
• For adults and patients, share practical lifestyle content (e.g., dietary management tips) on Xiaohongshu using clear, friendly, and jargon-free language.

2. Enhancing Product Safety and Experience

Prioritize minimizing or eliminating side effects as a core R&D objective, validated through experimental data. Ensure the product delivers both clinical effectiveness and pleasant usability, reducing patients' psychological burden.

3. Deepening Community Collaboration and Resource Integration

Explore partnerships with the Sannuo Foundation for community science outreach and patient education programs. Utilize its established network to directly reach target audiences and gather real-world feedback to further optimize the product.

Outlook

1. Precision Communication

Continue developing audience-specific, scenario-based communication strategies, exploring gamified learning for children and youth diabetes education through school and community programs.

2. Strengthening Product Foundations

Keep refining VitaPop Jelly's design to uphold safety, efficacy, and user experience as core product values, earning long-term trust from patients and the public.

3. Building a Collaborative Ecosystem

Establish long-term partnerships with professional organizations such as the Sannuo Foundation to integrate resources, promote diabetes management and public education, and ensure that biotechnological innovation truly benefits society.

17. High School Biology Teacher - Wei Xingheng

Summary

We interviewed a high school biology teacher to assess students' knowledge level and identify effective models for science education. The findings revealed that students understand the basic concepts of diabetes (such as symptoms and the role of insulin) but lack awareness of GLP-1–based therapies, the social burden of diabetes, and applications of synthetic biology. To address this, we plan to use age-appropriate language and school-based platforms to create engaging lectures on genetic engineering and healthy lifestyles. Future efforts will focus on interactive learning and collaboration with educators and healthcare professionals to enhance synthetic biology literacy and public health awareness among young audiences.

Purpose

To better understand high school students' awareness of diabetes and synthetic biology, and to design targeted educational programs, we conducted an interview with a biology teacher to explore suitable formats and content for youth-oriented science education. This discussion provided valuable insights for designing accessible, inspiring, and evidence-based outreach activities.

Gains

1. Awareness of Diabetes

Students generally possess a basic understanding of diabetes — including the "three mores and one less" symptoms, insulin therapy, and prevention principles — but their knowledge remains largely textbook-level. Awareness of GLP-1 receptor agonists and modern diabetes treatments is minimal, and understanding of disease burden and daily management is limited.

2. Foundations in Synthetic Biology

Through high school biology courses, students are familiar with core molecular biology concepts such as central dogma and protein synthesis.

However, the engineering-based logic of synthetic biology — the "Design–Build–Test–Learn" cycle — and its real-world applications (e.g., engineered bacterial therapy) are rarely covered in current curricula. Teachers noted that case studies and visual tools (e.g., animations, interactive models) are essential for improving comprehension.

3. Laboratory Constraints

Due to cost and safety limitations, high school laboratories cannot perform complex molecular experiments. Teaching often relies on virtual lab software, instructional videos, and hands-on model activities (e.g., paper-based or 3D-printed molecular models), which provide safe, low-cost alternatives to wet-lab practice.

4. Supplementary Learning Resources

Teachers recommend students explore additional resources such as China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), academic journals like Biology Bulletin, and trusted WeChat science accounts. However, they emphasize that such content should be carefully curated and adapted to match students' comprehension levels.

Implementation

1. Designing Educational Content

Develop engaging lectures that introduce diabetes management and synthetic biology innovations, encouraging students to connect scientific concepts with personal health and daily life.

2. Defining the Audience and Communication Approach

Clearly target middle and high school students as the audience for outreach activities. All educational materials will use simple, age-appropriate language, avoiding excessive technical jargon while highlighting real-world relevance.

Outlook

1. Precision in Educational Outreach

Continue improving youth-oriented science communication, making it more interactive, story-driven, and relatable. The team plans to expand educational workshops to more schools and public science platforms in the future.

2. Sustained Cross-Sector Collaboration

Strengthen partnerships with educators and healthcare professionals to co-develop high-quality educational resources, advancing both synthetic biology literacy and the concept of proactive health management.

Human Practices Summary

VitaPop Jelly provides a scalable, non-invasive solution for type 2 diabetes management, enhancing patients' quality of life. By integrating scientific innovation, stakeholder insights, and ethical practices, our project advances synthetic biology's application in global health.

Using the AREA framework, we completed a comprehensive, closed-loop human practices approach. By engaging deeply with diverse stakeholders—including the public, community workers, patients and their families, doctors, synthetic biology, diabetes experts, entrepreneurs, mechanical engineers, pharmaceutical R&D personnel, lawyers, regulators, diabetes foundations, and educators—we optimized the project's scientific feasibility, regulatory compliance, and societal impact.

Despite challenges in biosafety and public perception, we valued all perspectives, ensuring VitaPop Jelly balances public health, innovation, and safety. This collaborative approach drove the successful development of our product, embodying the integration of science and societal needs.

In summary, our journey reflects QYZX-China's ongoing reflection and exploration in type 2 diabetes management. By collaborating with potential users, experts, and public welfare organizations, we integrated diverse needs, successfully promoted the implementation of VitaPop Jelly, and committed to social betterment, contributing to global health.

Looking ahead, we will drive the industrialization and commercialization of VitaPop Jelly to revolutionize diabetes care and deliver tangible benefits for human health. This journey began with a commitment to one family, and we aspire to bring health and hope to millions of families worldwide.