Introduction

This project aims to utilize soy whey, a soybean byproduct, to reduce the production cost of 3'-lactoside (3'-SL) and mitigate environmental pollution caused by improper byproduct disposal.

In terms of integrated human practice activities, we first identified stakeholders and analyzed through their interest and influence in the project to determine the methods and focus of subsequent communication.

We focused on stakeholders such as milk powder manufacturers, regulatory agencies, and biologists. We used questionnaires, interviews, and field visits to engage with stakeholders, hoping to gain their perspectives and opinions on the project's technical feasibility and commercialization details.

We first developed a questionnaire towards general public, focusing on public perceptions of soy whey and HMOs, as well as their views and attitudes toward sustainable development. We also visited existing HMO companies to understand the commercialization process and technical challenges of HMOs. Besides, we interviewed biologists, nutritionists, and end users to further understand the project's technical and commercial feasibility.

We summarized the stakeholders' perspectives and suggestions and fed them back into the project design process. 

figure 1: structure of integrated human practice activities

 Stakeholder Identification

Research and Development Stage:

• Regulatory authorities (national/local health commissions, environmental protection bureaus, market supervision bureaus)

• Technical cooperation partners (universities, research institutes, technology licensing parties)

• Initial investors (biotechnology, government industrial funds, investors in functional food sector)

• Raw material and auxiliary material suppliers (soybean product enterprises, enzyme preparations/purification filler manufacturers)

•   Professional service institutions (food industry compliance / patent law firms, accounting firms)

Commercialization stage:

•   Upstream suppliers (soybean product enterprises, other raw material producers)

•   Operators (cold chain logistics companies, equipment manufacturers)

•   Downstream customers (milk powder manufacturers, health supplement manufacturers)

•   End consumers (parents of infants and young children, other consumers)

•   Competitors (competitors (such as DSM from the Netherlands, etc.))

• Industry associations (food additive associations)

•   Subsequent investors and financial institutions (investors, insurance companies, banks)

 The following is a detailed introduction to stakeholders. 

Regulatory Authority: Inspect project compliance, influence project approval

The regulatory authority is responsible for checking the legality of the project and directly determines whether the project can be nitiated. The regulatory authority may have reservations about the compliance of our project products, the standardization of the production process, and the environmental friendliness of the emissions. Our team needs to prepare materials such as 3'-SL in advance during the project research and development stage to ensure they meet the standards. In addition, the team will arrange professionals to communicate with the regulatory authority, regularly report the project situation, promptly respond to opinions, and consider the waste discharge and treatment methods of the project in advance during the project design stage. 

Technical Cooperation Party: Optimize Technical Path

The technical cooperation party refers to the professional entities that provide technical feasibility support for the project, including universities, research institutes, and technology licensing parties. During the project design stage, we can choose to collaborate with other research institutions to address potential challenges. These technical cooperation parties can provide talents and laboratories for the project. We can also discuss with the cooperation parties about resolving technical obstacles in the project, thereby significantly increasing the possibility of project success. Therefore, our team is actively seeking companies related to our technology and hoping to establish a cooperative relationship with them 

Investors: Provide finacial support

The initial investors are the providers of the project's start-up funds and have significant interests in the project. We hope to receive returns through investment. They may have concerns about the project, such as failure in 3'-SL approval or insufficient market demand, which can lead to investment losses. Subsequent investors will affect the stability of the enterprise's operation and its strategic expansion. 

Professional service institutions: Provide operational support

Professional service institutions are the specialized service entities that help projects avoid legal and financial risks, and they have a crucial impact on the projects. For our project, the professional service institutions related to us mainly include environmental monitoring agencies, waste disposal institutions, law firms, etc. 

Upstream suppliers: Affect the stability of raw material supply and market acceptance

Raw material suppliers include soybean product and liquor brewing enterprises that can produce yellow liquor residue, as well as manufacturers that can provide fermentation enzymes, etc. They may be concerned about the failure of the project's pilot production stage, as this would lead to insufficient subsequent order quantities and result in the failure of the cooperation. This indicates that we need to design an effective business cooperation model, which can sign agreements with multiple suppliers to ensure the supply of raw materials and the stability of the pilot production. In addition, consumers may be concerned about the safety of yellow liquor residue. If the production process can be made transparent and a traceable raw material supplier can be found, this will be beneficial for our subsequent commercial promotion. 

Operator: Provide operational support

Cold chain logistics can ensure that various raw materials arrive at the factory within a reasonable time and in good quality. Equipment manufacturers guarantee the continuity of production. The optimization of equipment can even increase output. Long-term cooperation with the operator ensures the rights and interests of both parties. Good operators, after long-term cooperation, can gain a higher reputation and become more well-known in the field. 

Downstream customers: The direct purchasers of the project products

During the initial stage of the project, the downstream customers were mainly infant milk powder enterprises that purchased 3′-SL (3'-sialylated lactose). The stability of these enterprises would directly determine the stability of their revenue.

During the cooperation process, downstream customers may have various concerns, such as worrying about the unstable quality of the products provided by the project party (for example, fluctuations in 3′-SL purity), delays in product delivery, or higher prices of the products compared to similar competing products in the market. In response to these potential concerns, we should, in the subsequent research work, design appropriate commercial cooperation models based on actual needs to dispel customers' doubts and ensure the smooth progress of the cooperation. 

End consumers: The final users of the project

The end consumers are the final users of the project products. They mainly include the parents of infants and young children. Although this group has no direct profit relationship with the project party, they play a crucial role in influencing the development of the project.

Specifically, on one hand, if the public education work regarding the yellow liquor (a relevant raw material for the project) is not effectively carried out, end consumers may reduce their purchase volume of products containing the project (such as infant milk powder containing 3′-SL and other HMO components) due to concerns about its safety. On the other hand, the actual demand level of end consumers for HMO (human milk oligosaccharides, containing 3′-SL and other components) will directly affect the purchase volume of project-related products by infant milk powder manufacturers, and the purchase volume of the milk powder manufacturers will in turn be related to the final income of the project party. 

Competitors: The main elements of the market environment, influencing corporate revenue

Various competitors have shaped the main elements of the project market competition environment, including domestic 2′-FL/LNnT production enterprises and international HMOs companies. The market share and pricing strategies of competitors will to some extent shape consumers' purchasing behavior and decision-making, especially when there are few market entrants and the market is dominated by a few oligopolies. 

Industry Associations: The Policy and Market Environments Affecting the Project

Industry associations, such as those for food additives and functional sugars, have formulated group standards that can affect the entry of project products, significantly impacting the competitive environment of the project. They pay attention to industry norms and have some conflicts or synergies with the project's interests. Industry associations expect the project to participate in standard formulation and jointly promote industry standardization (such as the 3′-SL purity standard). 

We use the interest-influence model to analyze these stakeholders, and the results are shown in the figure.

Figure 2 : Stakeholder analysis

 

Stakeholder Interaction

Questionnaire

This survey collected 328 valid responses. The questionnaire captured demographic details, knowledge of 3′-SL and soy whey, current soy whey treatments, raw material acceptance, safety and environmental benefits, price sensitivity, and attitudes toward innovation. The questions were carefully designed to reflect knowledge and acceptance and situate sustainability and entrepreneurship within this innovation. Given its mix of regular consumers and respondents with technical knowledge, this survey provides an excellent basis for developing and communicating products and making business decisions that align market, environmental, and entrepreneurial considerations with varying degrees of readiness. 

Demographic pie charts reflect the majority of respondents as 18–50-year-old parents, with females slightly ahead of males. Most of them have infants less than three years old, which again corresponds well to the main consumer group for infant formulas. Occupation ranges from students and white-collar workers to a considerable share in healthcare and science, reflecting both the everyday consumer and the technically informed respondent. This is valuable because, on the one hand, everyday parents represent broad market demand, while experts and professionals represent opinion leaders and early adopters who may support or resist the product. 

The distribution of respondents over different occupations should be viewed more as a profile of the sample than as the actual profile of the final consumer market for infant formula. While the presence of students, white-collar workers, and science/ health professionals does not imply that they are the final buyers, it does affect how the results of the questionnaire are interpreted. For example, respondents with technical or medical backgrounds may stress safety and scientific evidence more, while parents/ general consumers may stress affordability and usability. Such an approach to analyzing subsequent responses will thus make sense, as the diversity of occupations allows highlighting where attitudes may differ because of the level of knowledge or professional orientation and not because of an assumed identical consumer behavior.

Figure 3: Sample profile

Figure 4: Sample profile

 Regarding public awareness of HMOs, only 31.5% of respondents were aware of 3-sialyllactose, while 68.5% were completely unaware. This represents a significant knowledge gap: the technical name itself is both poorly recognized and meaningless to consumers. From a product perspective, this ingredient must rely not on its name alone but on transparent functional benefits, such as "supporting brain and immune system development." 

Figure 5: public awareness of 3’-SL

 As for public awareness of soy whey, consumer knowledge of soy whey varies widely, and misunderstandings are also significant. While over half of consumers correctly identify soy whey as a byproduct of soy processing, many believe it can be consumed directly or even used in traditional medicine. This discrepancy in perception creates communication challenges, requiring companies to be transparent and work hard to earn consumer trust. Positioning brands as scientifically rigorous, transparent, and backed by certified and publicly available safety data is essential. 

Regarding the addition of 3,-SL to infant formula, over 60% of respondents expressed concerns about its safety, followed by its nutritional value. This may be one of the reasons for their strong opposition to the use of by-products in food. This suggests that if our products want to gain a wider market share, they must prioritize safety certification. We can address this issue through transparency in our production processes and traceability of raw materials.

After certification by the relevant authorities, more than 80% of respondents were willing to adopt the product, while only a few kept reservations. Thus, Certification is the absolute threshold of consumer trust and product adoption.

Figure 6: Concerns about Adding Whey Water Nutrients to Infant Formula

 

Figure 7 : Confidence after Strict Testing and Approval

 In designing the questionnaire, we focused not only on commercial feasibility and market acceptance but also on public attitudes toward ecological sustainability and industrial innovation. The results showed that respondents generally expressed positive views on environmental value and byproduct resource utilization, and showed a high degree of recognition for related industrial innovation. These findings not only provide a reference for understanding the social acceptance of the project but also lay the foundation for sustainability analysis. The relevant results and analysis will be detailed in the SDI section. 

Visit

Zeno Technology is located in Beijing, while its factory is set up in Heilongjiang. As a leading enterprise in the field of synthetic biology in China, one of its core businesses is to modify chassis microorganisms such as Escherichia coli using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, enabling the efficient synthesis of HMOs. Zhenuo Technology has achieved remarkable results in the commercialization of products like HMOs. It possesses mature marketing and sales experience, which will be beneficial for the future market entry of our project products. 

Laboratory field visit

We entered the Zeno Laboratory and visited the company's use of precise gene editing technology to modify the cells of microorganisms. We also witnessed multiple parallel experiments being conducted to verify the impact of different genes and strategies on fermentation conditions on product synthesis, as well as their regulation of minor parameters such as temperature and pH value capacity. For example, through the implementation of detection and feedback control in the fermentation tank, we ensured that the microorganisms were in the optimal growth and synthesis state. During the visit, we realized that from gene editing to fermentation production and separation purification, each stage requires personnel with professional knowledge and skills. Moreover, during the process of technology inheritance, the transfer of knowledge and experience will also have certain losses and costs, which are all hidden challenges that need to be faced.

Figure 8 : Laboratory field visit

Interview

We interviewed Dr. Zhu, who is the founder of Zeno Technology.

Dr. Zhu first introduced the general situation of their company to us. They said that it costs 10 yuan to produce one liter of culture medium and that their company produces six types of HMO. Secondly, he introduced that their company used a technology very similar to our product. This technology is for producing soybean meal powder. Soybean meal powder is the soybean residue left after extracting soybean oil, which is used as a culture medium, along with other substances to make additives. Dr. Zhu told us the importance of the fixed concentration requirement. For example, in terms of the concentration of E. coli culture, they need 400 grams of nutrients for the lifetime culture medium. If the nutritional content of our culture medium is too high, we can use an evaporator to concentrate or pass through a membrane, but experts suggest that we can use the evaporator because the cost of passing through the membrane is too high and it cannot be reused.

After that, he shared with us the way their company handles waste. The first method is to convert it into harmless waste for disposal. The second is to turn it into raw materials, which can also serve as a reference for waste disposal.

Therefore，we have decided to adopt the first method to handle the waste.

Then, he informed us that before producing a new product, an environmental assessment report is required. This environmental assessment report is valid for 15 years once, and it may cost tens of thousands of dollars. This reminds us that before launching a new product, we also need to present the relevant environmental assessment report and inform the customers.

Then, he shared with us the market size of their company. The market size of their company is approximately 100 tons. They also informed us that the additives produced from their culture medium can be used in skin care products and health supplements, not limited to milk powder. This is because the competition pressure in the milk powder sector is too high. Therefore, we can expand the application of the additives to other product categories.

Finally, Dr. Zhu shared with us their company's cost structure. The proportion of raw materials is 60%, and the remaining 40% includes personnel depreciation and power costs. This reminds us that when developing new products, we need to pay special attention to factors such as price fluctuations of raw materials and do a good job in cost control and planning. 

Figure 9 : interview with the founder of Zeno Technology

Interview

Biologist - Dr. Li

Interviewee Profile

Dr. Li has a background in synthetic biology and industrial transformation. He received his Ph.D. from the Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include heterologous synthesis of natural products, DNA assembly technologies and DNA encryption, CRISPR-based genome editing, and Cas system–based detection methods. He focuses on building systematic pathways from molecular tools to productization. Dr. Li previously served as R&D Director at Bluepha Co., Ltd., where he led multiple projects related to synthetic biology research and commercialization. He is currently with Hongshang Capital, specializing in technology assessment and commercialization analysis in the synthetic biology sector. 

Key Insights

1. Market feasibility is as important as technology.

Li mentioned that we need to first assess whether the market is worth pursuing before discussing technical feasibility. If we decide to proceed, the core technical difficulty lies in the complex composition of yellow slurry water, the large fluctuations between batches and origins, and its potential impact on microbial growth and inhibitors. It is imperative to first identify the composition of yellow slurry water and develop a pretreatment plan for stabilization and impurity removal. Otherwise, fermentation and subsequent processes will struggle to consistently meet standards. 

2. It is susceptible to deterioration during transportation and storage, and the complex substrate exacerbates fermentation uncertainty.

Unlike stable raw materials like corn starch or glucose, yellow slurry water has a short shelf life and is highly susceptible to contamination by foreign bacteria during transportation and storage. Once fermented, due to its complex composition and large batch-to-batch variations, certain ingredients in the raw materials or the environment can hinder bacterial growth and product synthesis, resulting in slow growth, low efficiency, or even inactivity. The fermentation process produces some "byproducts," which in turn are harmful to the bacteria, leading to declining yields. Process parameters such as the carbon-nitrogen ratio and pH need to be re-evaluated. 

3. Safety and compliance require proactive communication.

Infant formula is subject to strict regulations. Changes in raw material sources or processes trigger detailed reviews of strain sources, process descriptions, residues and impurities, toxicology, and stability. 

4. Separation, purification, and "acceptable impurities" should be agreed upon with stakeholders.

One cannot expect a single process to achieve "purity compliance, impurity compliance, and low cost." Because impurities vary, a single process may only excel at addressing one type. To meet customer requirements for both purity and impurities, it is often necessary to combine several processes that excel at different tasks. 

5. Public communications emphasize safety and quality.

As long as impurities are controlled and limited, ethical issues generally do not arise.

Figure 10 : interview with Dr. Li)

Implementation

According to the experts' opinions, we have reflected on our project design and incorporated their suggestions into our project adjustments.

First, Preliminary stabilization and sterilization pretreatment of the yellow slurry are necessary, along with strict cold chain and timeline management. Then, appropriate carbon-nitrogen ratio and pH ranges should be gradually determined to minimize instability caused by batch-to-batch fluctuations.

Moreover, Working with customers to determine purity targets and acceptable ranges for byproducts can avoid the energy and cost implications of excessive purification while ensuring safety. 

Nutritionist – Ms. Wu

Interviewee Profile

Lilin Wu holds a Master's degree in Nutrition Science and Food Technology from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. She is a member of the Chinese Nutrition Society, a senior public nutritionist in China, a registered nutritionist of the Hong Kong Nutrition Society, and a certified HACCP practitioner in food manufacturing by the Chartered Institution of Environmental Health in the UK. 

Key Insights

1. Raw materials and process challenges

Expert Wu pointed out that the challenges our project faces are the deterioration of raw materials and the relatively low amount of whey protein extracted from yellow soybean milk. Then, the expert suggested that we could refer to some points in the HACCP system regarding safety and purity to meet the requirements of food-grade raw materials. For instance, during the raw material receiving stage, we need to test the total bacterial count, heavy metal residues, and pesticide residues in the yellow soybean milk to control from the source. Secondly, in the sterilization stage, we need to control the sterilization temperature and pressure to prevent the growth of microorganisms. In the membrane filtration stage, we need to strictly control the pH value, pressure, temperature, and concentration percentage. During the microbial control process, we need to monitor the temperature throughout to slow down the reproduction rate of microorganisms. Finally, in the production stage of the product, we need to retest the heavy metal content of the finished product as a quality control measure. 

2. Compliance and approval requirements

The expert informed us of some special compliance reviews that might be faced when the additive produced with yellow juice water as raw material is under approval. For instance, we need to provide key supporting materials to the relevant departments, such as the initial source of the yellow juice water, the temperature upon receipt, as well as the test reports and research data that can prove the complete removal of heavy metals, pesticide residues, microorganisms and other harmful substances during the production process.

Experts mentioned that when applying for relevant qualifications, we should prioritize the regulations and documents of certain departments. For instance, the Health and Wellness Commission will consider the hygiene conditions of the company. The Market Supervision Bureau will look into the production licenses for manufacturing. The agricultural department will be in charge of managing the raw materials for soy products. The customs will handle the export. The entire process involves numerous inspections by relevant departments. Therefore, whether sialic acid lactose will become an official additive is a matter of time and requires the application for qualifications from relevant departments. 

3. Pretreatment and storage and transportation control

In terms of pre-processing: Before the official production of the pre-processed products, we conduct independent tests, filtration and purification, and detection (removal degree, filtration rate). If the standards are not met, we will reprocess according to the HACCP process until they meet the standards. This is the preparatory process for subsequent production and quality control. In terms of storage, transportation must be controlled at a reasonable temperature. 

4. Nutrition and product advantages

Afterwards, experts suggested that the most important nutritional selling points we should focus on for this product are that it can enhance the immunity of infants and promote brain development. In this way, by popularizing the benefits of sialic acid and lactose, they will gain the support of consumers. 

5. Business model and industrial cooperation

In terms of business model, experts suggest that as a start-up, we can approach milk powder manufacturers who are willing to purchase our technology or pay licensing fees. If we collaborate with them using our intellectual property for joint development, it will be most advantageous in terms of productivity. This is because we do not yet have a mature factory. 

6. Market expansion

Finally, experts suggest that we can apply sialyllactose in other areas. As the competition in the infant formula industry is extremely fierce, we can produce related supplements or powders of human milk oligosaccharides with sialyllactose, and promote its nutritional value or richness. This is more promising compared to the infant formula market, and it is something we can consider. 

Figure 11: interview with Ms. Wu)

Implementation

According to the experts' opinions, we have reflected on our project design and incorporated their suggestions into our project adjustments.

First, in the later product promotion, we will focus on highlighting the selling points of "enhancing infants' immunity and promoting brain development."
Second, we will produce human milk oligosaccharide-related supplements or powders containing sialyllactose, and promote their nutritional value and content advantages, rather than focusing solely on the milk powder industry. 

End User – Ms. Li

Interviewee Profile

As a young mother with a baby, Ms. Li is directly involved in selecting and purchasing infant formulas. Her choices are informed by her role as a mother and her most important concern for the health and nutrition of the baby. She has heard of some functional ingredients, such as DHA, calcium, and probiotics, but her knowledge mainly comes from product labels, advertisements, and daily chats with other parents. Before the interview, she had never heard of "soy whey" and only had a vague idea of "sialyllactose." 

Key Insights

1. Market feasibility through parental decision-making

Ms. Li said that when shopping for infant formula, she pays attention to the list of ingredients and the familiar ingredients, such as DHA, calcium, and probiotics. She admitted she does not investigate such technical terms in detail, but when she finds a formula "more complete," she is confident in choosing it. She also said that she would be willing to pay for them if there were a wider range of nutritional profiles. 

2. Acceptance of sialyllactose

Ms. Li was surprisingly accept the use of soy whey for the production of sialyllactose. She thought it was plant-based, natural, and acceptable as long as it was safe, i.e., a scientific explanation or quality certificate, or the product was tested by a third party. Otherwise, she suspected that new ingredients were just marketing gimmicks.She had never heard of soy whey before this interview. 

3. Significance of Family Trust and Brand Impact

As a mother, Ms. Li listens to the experiences of other parents and trusts friends' recommendations. Brand reputation is also important. If a well-known, reliable brand of formula includes the new ingredient, she would feel much more comfortable trying it. 

4. Price Sensitivity and Willingness to Pay

Ms. Li would pay a 10-20% premium for a formula that was nutritionally complete and scientifically validated for safety. However, she noted that higher prices would require more compelling scientific evidence and trusted brand endorsement. 

Figure 12 : Interview with Ms. Li

Implementation

The feedback from end users has provided us with many insights, which we have compiled and intend to incorporate into our project design.

In the subsequent product promotion process, we should build on trusted brands and parent communities. New functional ingredients such as sialyllactose should not be presented as isolated scientific terms, but rather as part of a comprehensive nutritional profile, expressed in language that resonates with mothers and earns their trust. Furthermore, the promotion should focus on the natural origin, safety of sialyllactose, and relevant safety certificates should be obtained or third-party testing should be conducted.

For subsequent commercialization, we will position the product in the mid-to-high-end market, as parents in this segment have already accepted paying for quality products. 

End User - Consumer B

Interviewee Profile

A young mother living on Tianrong Street with a baby who buys formula and cares about safety and nutrition for her baby. She generally knows about iron, calcium, and probiotics but has never heard of soy whey before. After she was introduced to sialyllactose in the interview, she was curious but sensed risk acceptance. 

Key Insights

1. Product perception and functional ingredients

The interviewee said she compares the nutrient lists of different brands when buying formula. She was familiar with iron, calcium, and DHA, which reassured her. She does not probe for more technical ingredients but said she would be more confident in buying a formula that looks "nutritionally more complete." 

2. Acceptance of soy whey as a source

When the interviewee was informed about the production of sialyllactose using soy whey, she said it was "natural, like a plant-based nutrient," thus acceptable. She did not know what soy whey was and had it explained to her but was not opposed to the idea. 

3. Safety and scientific substantiation

Safety was the interviewee's top priority. She explained that she would only trust a product if scientific tests, certifications, and expert explanations showed that no harmful residues were left in the final product. 

4. Family trust and decision-making

As a mother, she said she trusted not only the labeling but also peer recommendations and expert advice. While she thought the scientific claim was important, she said she would trust it more if safety were also assured by expert authorities or brands she trusted. 

5. Price and willingness to pay

According to the interviewee, she would be willing to pay extra only if safety were guaranteed. If it is shown to be nutritionally beneficial and safe, she said she would pay a 10-20% premium. Otherwise, she would not be willing to pay more.

Figure 13 : Interview with Consumer B

 Implementation

First, we will prepare a transparent report on safety issues, consider safety and regulatory aspects from an early stage, and communicate lab results and third-party validation in plain language.

Last, during the promotion process, we must emphasize the natural aspect of using soy whey, while using the term "by-product" with caution.

Next Steps

Technical Optimization

During our interviews and field visits, we received expert concerns regarding the stability of our raw materials. Raw material stability is a significant technical challenge and will significantly impact product quality and production efficiency. To address this, we will seek solutions in the future, such as designing pretreatment systems and conducting ingredient monitoring. 

Certification Preparation

With Dr. Li and consumers emphasizing the importance of safety certification, we will compile comprehensive strain safety, residue testing, and traceability data in preparation for subsequent regulatory submissions. Additionally, we will conduct a preliminary assessment of the project's emissions for subsequent environmental impact assessment monitoring. 

Education Activity Design

The survey results show that the majority of the public lacks understanding of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and yellow milk water, which provides a clear direction for our subsequent educational and educational activities. To address this, we plan to focus on by-product reuse in future educational activities to help the public better understand the value of yellow milk water and its potential for sustainable development. 

Market and Business Model Exploration

Our survey revealed that consumers are willing to accept a 5–10% price premium, with a smaller percentage accepting 10–20%. In line with Dr. Li's investment priorities, the next step will be to measure the cost-to-output ratio and explore whether scaled-up processes can maintain cost advantages and avoid sacrificing price competitiveness due to environmental value-added. 

Stakeholder Collaboration

We will continue to communicate with more stakeholders, consider their feedback, and incorporate it into project design. Furthermore, we plan to establish collaborative mechanisms with soy product manufacturers and others.